Biology II X Final Exam Review 2023 PDF
Genetics
Evolution
Taxonomy
Organ Systems
In preparing for the Final Exam, it is essential to follow several key steps. These steps include studying early and often, finding a study buddy, making connections between topics, creating flashcards for difficult-to-remember information, and avoiding cramming.
The Final Exam schedule is as follows:
- Friday, May 20, Period 2
- Monday, May 23, Periods 1 & 3
- Tuesday, May 24, Periods 6/7/8, & 9
- Wednesday, May 25, Periods 4/5/6 & 10
To assist in preparing for the exam, completing the base pair charts for DNA to DNA, DNA to mRNA, and mRNA to tRNA is crucial.
DNA
| Base | Complementary |
|------|---------------|
| A | T |
| T | A |
| C | G |
| G | C |
Nucleic Acid
| Type | Function and Location |
|---------------|--------------------------|
| DNA | Store in the nucleus |
| mRNA | Transmit the DNA code, made in the nucleus then moves to ribosome |
| tRNA | Cytoplasm and meets at the ribosome |
DNA Structure
The shape of DNA is described as a double helix. It is vital for transmitting the DNA code, which is made in the nucleus, and then moves to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Factors Affecting Macromolecule Function
- DNA: Twisted to protect the nitrogenous bases. The order of bases is a specific "recipe" for the proteins to be made.
- Protein: The correct shape is necessary for proper function, such as in the case of enzymes and substrates.
- Carbohydrate: Ring-shaped and easily broken down for energy, and lipids with long fatty acid chains are essential for homeostasis and the cell membrane.
Differences Between DNA and RNA
| Characteristic | DNA | RNA |
|------------------|---------|---------|
| Sugar Present | Deoxyribose | Ribose |
| Strands in Molecule | 2 | 1 |
| Thymine Present | Yes | No |
| Adenine Present | Yes | Yes |
| Guanine Present | Yes | Yes |
| Cytosine Present | Yes | Yes |
| Uracil Present | No | Yes |
| Leaves Nucleus | No | Yes |
| Function | Stores genetic information | Translates genetic information into proteins |
Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis involves the creation of proteins, which are important for building organisms and creating enzymes.
Transcription and Translation
- Transcription: mRNA is made from the DNA code.
- Translation: The polypeptide chain is made at the ribosome, and the process will end when the entire sequence is translated.
Codon Table
A codon is composed of 3 nitrogenous bases. Using the codon table, one can find the corresponding amino acids based on the DNA, mRNA, and tRNA codes.
Cell Division
The process of DNA replication involves unzipping the DNA using DNA helicase, followed by the addition of nucleotides by DNA polymerase. It occurs during the interphase S phase of the cell cycle to ensure that daughter cells receive an exact copy of the DNA.
Mitosis
Mitosis is the process where a somatic cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It includes phases such as prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Meiosis & Genetics
Genetics involves the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity. Meanwhile, meiosis creates gametes, which are reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes.
By following the detailed review provided in the General Biology II X Final Exam Review 2023 PDF, individuals can effectively prepare for the upcoming exam and gain a comprehensive understanding of genetics, evolution, and taxonomy.
