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atmosphere + land My leave behind crater. -some big enough to leave huge holes The Earth equator - moon = I light second from Earth. Proxima Centaun = next sthe after sun four light years away. - sun = & light minutes. Days and nights -earth rotates on its axis from West →→ East- -only half faces sun@ one time -part of earth that faces suy it is day - part of earth that faces away from sun= night - sun reflect its light onto moon, moon reflects This light onts half of world than is in night illuminates it new unit light time is used to describe distances to objects in universe norm pole South pole -Earth is asphere Light Years -distance light travels in 1 year= -split into two halves by imaginary live called Equator - top half = norem hemisphere -boctum hap = souten hemisphere Seasons northern hemisphere souten hemisphere. thave seasons as earth rotates lorbits The Sun -takes 365 day to orbit Saly spins on axis so at all times, one hemisphere is einer tilted Or → from sun filted towards sun = warmer as sun's rays hit hemisphee st tilted away from sun = colder as sun's vayys take longer to rea loses strength so is cold / freeting in winter 21/22 March = spring equinox in North, autumnn equinox in south ↳ north = day longer than night, south = night longer than day - 21/22 June = summer solstice in North, winter solstice in South longest day of year, south = shortest day of year ↳ north = 22/23 September - autumn equinox in North, spring equinox in South L north = length of day & night same, south = length of day night same 4 -days & nights = not always come length us tilt of earth means it is tilted closer to san in some months → it have sun longer = longer days) - 21/22 December = winter solstice in North, summer Solstice in South north = shortest day of you, south = longest day of year Satellites -an object that orbits around a celestial/superior body (another object that is bigger / heavier) - can be natural / artificial Natural vs Artificial Properties of moon • natural are made of the same materials as other celestial objects( - Smaller mass Man Earth -lower grawitational field Strength than on earth. -has craters caused by. rocks colliding with surface, material thrown out but • artificial is man-made by humans! • natural satellites formed in space + lock into other planets gravitational field to begin orbit. but ·artificial are placed in orbit by man, launched into space at high Speeds ▸ • natural serve no purpose to humans, My do not help humans with jobs but • artificial serve a purpose e.g. telecommunications, weather forecasts, satellite navigation Systems + spying on other countries Phases of the moon new natural satellite = moon artificial satellite = Hubble Space Telescope + International Space station Artificial satellites Polar satellites -travel over Earth's poles (south & north) •quick orbital period = 100 mins 11hr 40mins - travel close to Earth - 1000km ↑ -200km ↑ -monitor weather, military applications e.g. Spying + photographs of Earth - travel at 8000m/s young waning gibbous Eclipse - an astronomical event, when I celestial object goes into shadow ok another. New moon - illuminated side away from Earth, moon not visable Sur Waxing crescent = partly but less than t illuminated, traction lit up is ↑ 4 Waxing gibbous & more than 1/2 illuminated, waxing crescent First 1/4 = one 1/2 illuminated (look like that for us), traction lit up is ↑ full hearted Full moon - illuminated Side facing Earth Waning Gibbous & more than 1/2 illuminated, fraction lit up is √ @ Last 1/4 = 1/2 appears to be illuminated, fraction lit up is ↓ 8 Waring Crescent = partly but & 1/2 illuminated, fraction lit up is ↓ Solar eclipse Earth Umbra j Geostationary satellites travel over equator all the time -24hrs Orbital time so appear same place in sky -orbit very high - 36,000 km ↑ 36mls - used for communications and, Satellite television Moon Penumbra waxing quarte waning crescent old but red passes Through and gues Onto moon Rhe sun turns he 7 moon a blood reda •blue wave lengsh is scattered -occurs in new moon Phase blocked by the Moon moon's shadow on Ear in sun, moon & earth are in, Tine Sun -Shades cast on smaller section of earth so less people see it waxing - when moon appears to be growing, becoming Shinier + more. illuminated Lunar eclipse Umbra ← waning - when moon appears to be getting smaller, brightness Penumbra Earin Moon -sun's light is blocked by Earth -Earth's shadow on moon - sun, earth & moon in line - occurs in full moon phase -seen easier as the umbra is larger, over half world, sel it -doesn't occur every month during full moon as... e moon's orbit @slight tilt compared to Earth's around fun • Earth hardly even between sunt moon directly, usually 个 Solar • doesn't happen every month during falt new moon as... eclipse continued..... looks like this in • moon's or bit on tilt compared to a full solar eclipse Earth's so moon not always right between sun + earth Annular solar eclipse = moon is too far from earth in its orbit + can't completely. lover sun, sky stays bright Umbra deep shadow. Penumbra = partial shadow Stars in balance -radiation pressure caused by reaction in core of staw -process called nuclear fusion ↳ produces heat, light + one vadiation Stars -made of extremely hat gas - plasma -has enormous amount of gravity - would collapse on itself if nee wasn't andrer force counteracting gravity. - force = radiation pressure Life Cycle of a star - all stars have life cycle. - lasts millions / billions of years -nearest star = sun 1-pressure wants to escape Star, pushes its way from core → surface ↳ causes an outwards force counteracting gravity. -balanced forces, star @ equilibrium -equilibrium will eventually be broken + star will start to 'die' -mostly -life cycle depends on size -larger the stur, Shorter its cycle as use up fuel quicker L. 2- 1st path taken by small stars - expand to form red giant - cool + Contruct to form white dwarf - faces to become black dwarf Gravity HH₂ Pic fusion hydrogen Nebula- kbud of cust + Stars about i Same size as in Surs ✓ -red giant white dwart protostar K black dwart - begins @ nebula stage - under force of gravity, protostar formed -Then transitions into main sequence star stage, starts to fuse hydrogen → helium - after helium runs out, tacks one / two path Stars much bigger - Rhe sun ✓ mua I Life Cycle of main sequence star -causes neutron star a ved super giant Star a supernova Supernova -2nd path taken by bigg en stars - continue fusion until iron reached when reactions stopped, star explodes black hoie -Lore left behind •depending on mass of love, evolves into neutron star / black hole