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when she found out. 1566: Darnley wanted more power for himself and grew jealous of Mary's secretary, David Rizzio. Darnley and his friends treated Mary roughly and murdered Rizzio in front of her, stabbing him over 50 times. Not long afterwards, Mary and Darnley's son was born. He was another potential future heir to the English throne. Mary and Darnley seemed to make up, but secretly Mary began to hate him and looked for comfort elsewhere. 1567: Darnley's house was blown up by gunpowder. His body was found in the garden and showed signs that he had been strangled. Many people suspected Mary's involvement, blaming her and her new lover the Earl of Bothwell. Mary then married Bothwell and a rebellion broke out in Scotland. Mary was forced to abdicate and was locked up in Lochleven Castle and Bothwell fled abroad. 1568: Mary escaped from prison. She raised an army against the Scottish nobles who had imprisoned her but was defeated. She fled to England at the mercy of her cousin Queen Elizabeth. Elizabeth then kept Mary as a prisoner for 19 years. How serious of a threat was Mary Queen of Scots 1568 - Mary Queen of Scots arrived in England Casket Letters Case: About whether Mary killed her second husband Lord Darnley Scottish Lords bought letters apparently proving Mary's guilt Court has no right to try Mary as she is a anointed monarch but not offer a plea unless Elizabeth guaranteed a verdict of innocence if Elizabeth said she was guilty Mary was killed, if Elizabeth said she was innocent should be free to raise an army and invade England Court did not reach a conclusion leaving Mary in captivity and England she still remains a threat Revolt of the Northern Earls Thomas Percy - Earl of Northumberland, Catholic →→ wife Ann Percy Charles Neville - Earl of Westmorland, Catholic → wife Jane Neville Both lost power under Elizabeth Mary Queen of Scots arrived in the north in 1568 Thomas Howard (sibling of Jane Neville) - Duke of Norfolk, richest noble in the country, Elizabeth's cousin. Reasons for the revolt of the northern earls: Religious motives ● Catholic rulers, Phillip II of Spain and Pope willing to support revolt ● Rebels wanted to reestablish Catholicism as religion of England At the start of the revolt, the Earls stormed into Durham Cathedral and held a Catholic Mass Rebels wore Catholic badges and emblems Power of authority The Earls had political grievances against Elizabeth as she had weakened their powers in the North. The Earl of Northumberland had lost an important position as the Warden of the Middle March, defending the border against Scotland. Elizabeth extended central control from London by putting her cousin, Lord Hunsdon, in charge of Berwick, and she appointed the Earl of Sussex as President of the Council of the North. Elizabeth had taken land from these nobles and so their grievances were personal. Northumberland had lost copper mines, costing him money. Many northern nobles were facing financial hardship. After the failure of the Norfolk plot, their more hot-headed followers wanted the Earls to take action. Lady Westmorland encouraged her husband not to back down. Government of the north of England was carried out by the Council of the North, rather than by the traditional nobility. Dislike of Elizabeth The Earls had already taken part in a plan to marry Mary (Queen of Scots) to the Duke of Norfolk, the most powerful noble in England. They hoped this would help Mary to become Elizabeth's successor. However, nobles loyal to Elizabeth (like the Earl of Leicester) had also been part of this plan, because they hoped this plan would force Elizabeth to name a successor. These loyal nobles told Elizabeth about the plan. ● The Earls wanted Mary to be recognised as Elizabeth's successor and for her imprisonment to end. After Elizabeth found out about the Norfolk plan, she summoned the Earls to court. They feared prison or execution. They may have thought their only option was to revolt. The revolt of the northern earls: Plan to marry Mary Queen of scots to the Duke of Norfolk as they're both Catholic and wanted to overthrow Elizabeth • However, in September 1569 the Earl of Leicester informs her of the plot against her Norfolk was arrested on 1st November 1569. The Earls went on to Durham and seized a Cathedral before celebrating full Catholic Mass (from James Pilington) and destroyed evidence of Protestantism Mary Queen of Scots was moved south to Coventry on the orders of Elizabeth. Elizabeth didn't want Mary to escape Rebels wait in Hartlepool hoping for Spanish support to turn up but it never does ● Elizabeth raised a force of 14,000 men against the rebels 5,400 and the rebels retreat, the Earls flee to Scotland The revolt was crushed and 450 rebels were executed. Westmoreland escaped. ● Northumberland was captured and executed in York in 1572 In 1570, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth Rebels marched south and by 22nd November all of Northern England east of the Pennives and as far south as Braham Mour is controlled by rebels Significance: ● Elizabeth beings to get stricter, rewrite treason laws 1571, treasonable claim that Elizabeth was a heretic or illegitimate/not the rightful queen ● Harsher treatments of Catholics - Earl of Huntingdon to lead Council of the North (Protestant) First major act of rebellion (by Catholics) against Elizabeth Ended the power of Percy and Neville families in the North ● Encouraged the Pope to excommunicate Elizabeth in 1570 - going to hell encourage Catholics to kill Elizabeth - encourages many plots Ridolfi plot - 1571 1570 - Pope excommunicated Elizabeth Plan: Roberto Ridolfi (Italian banker) Ridolfi used by Mary Queen of Scots to carry messages to the Duke of Alva in the Netherlands Pope and King Phillip of Spain letters asked them to help organise an invasion to overthrow Elizabeth and make Mary Queen ● Marry Mary to Duke of Norfolk and restore Catholic face What happened: Effects: 1571 - Ridolfi met Alva to convince him to invade England Alva wrote to Phillip advising against invading unless Elizabeth already overthrown ● Duke of Norfolk's servants were questioned (torture methods) by Elizabeth's government and revealed plan Plot discovered before could get going, attracted no domestic support ● Duke of Norfolk (Elizabeth's cousin) put on trial and executed in 1572 Elizabeth not agree to execute Mary New law passed and anyone who claimed Elizabeth as not rightful Queen would be executed Significance: After papal bull excommunicating - reinforced threat by Catholics - in home and abroad Throckmorton Plot - 1583 1572 - French Protestants murdered on orders of Mary's relatives. Increased fears of Catholic attack in England. Relations with Spain declined. Privateers like Francis Drake had captured Spanish treasure ships. Spain had large army across the Channel in the Netherlands Plan; Franic Throckmorton was a young English Catholic ● Carried letters between Mary and French and Spanish ambassadors Anxiety about Duke of Alba in Netherlands Focused on improving relations with France 1581 - recusants fine increased to £20, attempting to convert people to catholicism is treason ● Throckmorton in contact with members of Catholic nobility in England Plan for Spain to fund and invasion by French Duke of Guise Launched at same time as Catholic revolt ● What happened: Effects: Aim to free Mary to replace Elizabeth and restore Catholicism Throckmorton being watched by government spies . April 1583 - Throckmorton arrested. House searched and papers found revealed involvement of some leading Catholic families Claimed that money promised by King Phillip of Spain had never arrived so plan was never put into place ● Admitted Mary knew about plot but later withdrew this Had no popular domestic support ● Throckmorton executed ● Spanish ambassadors expelled from England Two Catholic nobles imprisoned 1584 - Bond of Association passed by Elizabeth's government - if Elizabeth life under threat, Mary would be executed. Significance: Papers included list of Catholic sympathises in England - government fear real Life became harder for Catholics and treated with suspicion Catholics fled after plot and 11,000 imprisoned or kept under surveillance/house arrest Act of Parliament passed in 1585 - helping and sheltering Catholic priests punishable by death Babington plot - 1586 1585 - Protestant leader William of Orange assassinated by Catholics in the Netherlands - increased fears of attack in england. Plan: Anthony babington worked for Earl of Shrewsbury - man responsible for May's custody Babington carried letters for Mary ● Plan to murder elizabeth and replace with Mary to restore catholicism Plan originated from cathoilc priest who was already being watched by Elizabeth's spies What happened: • Babington wrote to Mary about freeing country from Protestantism Mentioned invasion of foreign army (Spain) Release of Mary and murder of Elizabeth Spies already in place within Mary's household Double agents persuaded her that it was safe to send and receive letters hidden in beer barrels. Letters taken to Francis Walsingham (Elizabeth's spymaster) Mary wrote letter agreeing to plan Effects: • Babington and six other plotters arrested and executed ● Mary put on trial and found guilty of plotting to take Elizabeth's life - found guilty, recommended Elizabeth executed her Significance: ● 1585 england and spain at ware 1585 - relations between england and spain broken down • English aiding Dutch protestant rebellion Elizabeth's governments wanted to crush catholicism so made mass arrests of recusants, 300 in north london and 31 priests executed • Mary's execution ended any hope of replacing Elizabeth with Catholic heir Sir Francis Walsingham Elizabeth's Secretary of State from 1573 - known as 'spymaster'. He gathered men skilled in intelligence and based them at his London home. He was completely ruthless but he thought he was carrying out policy approved by Elizabeth's government. Ensured the House of Commons kept continual pressure on Elizabeth to execute Mary and increase penalties against Catholics. Executed Duke of Norfolk (Elizabeth's cousin) in 1571. Passed acts in 1571, 1581, 1585 that increased penalties against Catholics. Elizabeth was not as ruthless as Walsingham and could overturn his plans. Changed wording of Acts of Parliament so ordinary Catholics did not suffer same penalities as priests. And Elizabeth often delayed taking action against plotters. Thought Walsingham was too extreme as of his Puritan beliefs. Elizabeth refused to execute Mary. Started long career in government as MP Worked for Sir William Cecil from 1568 ● Took over Cecil's framework of agents and reorganised it into effective spy network ● Walsingham was ruthless and driven man who ran his spy network on top of his business as Secretary of State Intercepting coded letters and messages Plotters developed increasingly sophisticated ways of communicating Placed informers in suspects' households Employing a network of spies and agents • Agents with codenames based overseas in major towns and citie Some were double agents that took part in plots against Elizabeth and sent information to Walsingham Spies deployed to root out information as events arose Acts of parliament Influential in parliament Passed acts throughout 1570s and 1580s which increased penalties against Catholics including execution of priests 1584 - Bond of association pledged that in event of Elizabeth's life being threatened Mary would be executed. Capturing catholic priests and recusant ● Pope excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570 Elizabeth's life in danger from Catholics ● 1574, Pope started sending missionary priests to England Interrogation and torture Tortured on rack and extract information about their intentions and other threats to Elizabeth Executed as a warning and an example to others Using informers in england Lord Lieutenants of each county and bishops officially reported any threats to Walsingham Everyone encouraged to report suspicions of dangers to Queen Searches and registers Town councils authorised to search foreigners' houses Owners of taverns and inns had to report foreigners staying with them Custom officials stopped and questioned travellers from overseas and could search them for papers including messages and letters. Why was Mary Queen of Scots executed 1584 - Act of Preservation of Queen's safety. - Act Mary was convicted under Bond of Association - if Elizabeth in danger then Mary killed October 1586 - Mary was convicted. 1587 death warrant signed, refused to send it but Cecil prepared execution anyway Catholic - attracted support of Catholics opposed to Religious Settlement Could start a religious war with Spain ● Spain showed support in many plots against Elizabeth showing interest of turning England Catholics again Could start rebellion in England Elizabeth's cousin has strong claim to throne Mary provided male heir who will take over throne after her - Elizabeth has no heirs Elizabeth seen as illegitimate by Catholics and Pope who had excommunicated her Plots increased sense of danger to Elizabeth ● Ridolfi, Babington, Throckmorton and Revolt of Northern Earls Many plots forming and Catholics becoming more secretive Evidence that Mary knew and involved in plots Babington letters in cork of beer barrels ● Signed letter convicted under Preservation Acts War with spain and foreign involvements in plots increased sense of danger • Spain supposed to provide troops for Revolt of Northern Earls to fight but never showed up ● Spain going to financially fund Throckmorton Plot ● Ridolfi - Italian French Catholic forces potential help - Throckmorton Elizabeth under pressure from councillors and parliament agree to Mary's execution Spain preparing attack, killing Mary would slow his plans ● Rumours of spanish troops landing in Wales William Cecil, Francis Walsingham encouraging it