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astrocyte cells * wrap neurons together, forming clumps or bundles we call ganglia > Regulate cxygen, carbon dioxide, neurotransmitter, & nutrients that enter/exit the cells -Schwann Cells: PNS oligodendocytes *wrap around specific PMS neurons, coating with myelin > Insulate the neuron & to increase the speed at which impulses travel Astrocytes Neuroglial Cell Types & Function Central Nervous system Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes Microglia phospholipid insulation Peripheral Nervous system Satellite cells Schwann cells Neurons • They can generate, send, receive, & respond to electrical impulses (stimuli) -3 basic regions/areas: Dendrite * Cell Body (Soma): wide area that is filled & cytoplusm & organelles > It has a centrally located nucleus & the "normal" organelles + Special endoplasmic reticulum in this cell body region manufactures special chemicals called neurotransmitters *Dendrites: thick extensions from the cell body region > In most neurons, they are branched & are very numerous + Serve us receptors for impulses & stimuli *Axon: long, Single cytoplasmic extension that arises from small swelling on the edge of the cell body region > Swelling is called the won hillock > The axan's distal end branches into fine extensions called cucon terminals > Each won terminal ends in a disc shoped structure called the synaptic & bulb > Inside the synoptic end bulb ure thousands of membrane-bound cavaties called synaptic vesicles + Synaptic vessels hold neurotransmitter molecules > When ion concentrations inside the synaptic end bulb's cytyplasm use right, these vesicles physically migrate to the end of the bulb + vesicle's membrane & Synoptic end bulb's membranes fuse & open releasing the neurotransmitter from the cell ■ Due to this activity, we can say that the axon ALWAYS sends the impulse away from the cell body region ■ 1 Myelin Sheath: myelin that surrounds only the axon part of the cell Nucleus Soma (cell body) x Myelin sheath Axon Axon terminal Direction electrical impulse travels Neuron Classification By shape: - Unipolar neurons have one branched extension from their cell body region & serves as dendrite & axon - Bipolar neurons have one dendrite & one axon extending from the cell body region - Multipolar neurons have many dendrites & one axon: most common By function: - Sensory / afferent neurons: carry the impulse INTO the CNS -Motor/efferent neurons: carry the impulse OUT OF the CNS & into muscles & glands - Association neurons: link the sensory & motor neurons By myelination: - Unmyelinated neurons: lack a myelin coating & appear durk, when grouped together they are called durk matter -Myelinated neurons: axons coated in myelin, when grouped together are called white matter By location: ● - Neurons in the brain & spinal cord are called CNS nevrons, bundles of axons of these are called tracts - Neurons found outside of the CNS are called PMS neurons, bundles of axons of these are called nerves - broups of cell bodies of CNS neurons are called nuclei - Groups of cell bodies in the PNS are called ganglia Unipolar neuron ex Multipolar neuron Bipolar neuron Study Questions •Can neuroglial cells carry or receive an electrical impulse? - Nevroglial cells do not curry or recieve an electrical impulse • List the neuroglia that are in the CNS & state their functions -Astrocytes: wind around neurons &, sometimes blood vessels, to hold these cells & structures together - Ependymal cells: -Oligodendocytes: wrap around selected CNS neurons, insulating neurons & increases the speed at which an impulse con travel -Microglia: move through CNS, engulfing & destroying patientally hurmful partides & cellular debris through them • List the neuroglia that are in the PNS & state their functions. - Satellite cells: wrap neurons together, forming clumps or bundles - Schwann cells: wrap around specific PNS neurons, insulating the neuron & to increase the speed at which impulses travel · Can neuroglia undergo cell division? - Nevroglia undergo cell division when mature • What is myelin? what cells produce it? -Myelin is phospholipid insulation that insulates neurons & increases the speed at which impulse can travel through them -Oligodendrocytes produce myelin • Describe the structure of a neuron. Does it contain a nudeus? Organelles? - A nevron consist of 3 regions: The cell body (soma), Dendrites, & the Axon - They have a nucleus - They have argunelles • What is the axon hillock? Where are the synaptic end bulbs located? What are synaptic vesicles? - The axon hillock is a small swelling on the edge of the cell body region - The synaptic end bulbs are located at the end of the axon terminal - Synaptic Vessels: inside synaptic end bulbs, they hold neurotransmitter molecules • Why do we call dendrites "receptors"? - we call dendrites receptors because they respond to impulses & stimuli • What is a tract? Nerve? Langlia? Nuclei? -Tract: bundles of axons in the CNS -Nerve: bundles of axons in the PNS -Ganglia: groups of cell bodies in the PNS -Nuclei: groups of cell bodies in the CNS • what makes white matter different from gray matter? - white matter have axons coated in myelin which is white. Pray matter isn't coated in myelin which causes it to look dark