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THAT DO NOT FOLLOW THE BRANDT LINE PATTERN Unit 3 Vocab Vocab Term Acculturation (Ch. 4) Architecture (Ch. 4) Assimilation (Ch.4) Buddhism (Ch. 6) Christianity (Ch. 6) Contagious Diffusion (Ch. 1) Real life examples! Cultural modicfication or change that results when one culture group or individual adopts traits of a dominant or host society; cultural development or change through "borrowing" The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture. Often used to describe immigrant adaptation to new places residence. a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population O Plants resisted to disease (hybrids) O Shorter growing seasons O 2-3 crops per year O Increased calorie consumption Positives: increase in food supply, more crops grown on same size land, more variety Negatives: depletion of groundwater and nutrients in soil, increased use of chemicals, destroy local and traditional modes of agricultural production Today high yield corn High protein grains Eat rarely consumed foods (soybeans, tofu, sprouts) O O Mechanized farming Elaborate irrigation systems 5.6 Rural settlements are classified as either: Clustered/Nucleated: clustered in a city/village Most common in Europe, parts of Africa, Northeastern USA O Dispersed O Most common in the American Midwest and west O Independently owned Linear: follows a road or river O Common in French America, including Quebec, Louisiana, and parts of Texas Metes and bounds: using environmental landmarks to determine land divisions Introduced by the British Rigid grid pattern 1 square mile section could be bought and sold in whole, half, or quarter section. Township and range: geometric divisions Long lot: used by the French, ensures access to river Long and skinny Primogeniture: all lands are passed down to the eldest son 5.7 Von Thunen Model 1. Central City-Market 2. 1st ring-Market oriented gardens, milk producers (perishable) 3. 2nd ring-wood lots, timber for construction, fuel 4. 3rd ring-various crops and pasture (rotates) 5. 4th ring-animal grazing (ranching/lots of space 6. Wilderness KP) Central City = willdernes. 2 Intensive Farming/Dairying 3 Forest Extensive Field Crops Ranching/Animal Products 6 Wilderness Me T. Rosenberg, 1007 With modern transportation and communication systems, we are able to ship perishable products farther-so they can be produced farther from the city Bid Rent Theory: farther away from the city you are, the cheaper the land is. Types of farming that need lots of land will be farther away from the city Urban areas-scarcity of land-land costs more Dairy requires less land → can pay more for land → closer to city to sell the perishable goods 5.7 Agribusiness: a large corporation that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry. Ex: Hormel Foods, Tyson Foods Effects of Agribusiness 5. Increase production 6. Increase use of technology and science in agriculture 7. Set prices for farmers (decreases impact of supply and demand) 8. Decrease in number of small farms (can't compete with large farms and agribusiness) 9. Increase in concern regarding production process (use of chemicals, growth hormones, confinement animal raising practices) 10. Increase interest in organic farming Commodity Chain: a series of links connecting a commodity's places of production, distribution, and consumption Each link adds value of commodity Different levels of profit for the place and people where the production occurs (different profits for the farmers vs. processers vs. distributors vs. retailer vs. consumer) Created due to the changes made by industrialization in the production of food. Product moves from farmer to consumer Money moves from consumer back to farmer Commodity: a primary procut that can be bought and sold Ex: chicken, coffee, rice, milk Unit 6 Vocab Service-any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to providers Settlement-permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services Relocation Diffusion: Spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another O From hearth (origin) O Ex: language brought to a new locale by a migrant. Expansion Diffusion: Spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process O Hierarchical: spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority, people in power decide what will diffuse Contagious: rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population Stimulus: spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse. O O 4-level Analysis Level 1: O What O Level 2: Level 3: Where O Place, sense of place, cultural landscape/built environment, placelessness ■ Absolute vs Relative Toponym Site/Physical Landscape Patterns O Why There O Spatial interaction: connections, contacts, movement, and flow of things between places O Distance decay: interaction between two places declines as distance between them increases Describing Places Clustering vs Dispersal vs Spatial Assiociations (along a road, along a river, around a node) Regionalization ■ Time-Space Compression: increasing sense of accessibility and connectivity which seems to bring humans in distance places closer together ■ Globalization Physical barriers ● Cultural barriers Increased technology and transportation Level 4: So What? O SPEED O Social O Political O Environment O Economy O Demographic Medicines Traditions Beliefs Customs More permanent Cultural Convergence: cultures become more similar due to spread of pop culture but results in loss of folk culture Folk cultures are at risk ● Cultural Divergence: Cultur become more differe Pop culture diffuses rapidly but differences persist in cultural preferences at several scales The differences between rural and urban areas Pollution of landscape Depletion of natural resources Crowding out of locally owned businesses by global franchises Age also plays a key role in pop culture leisure choices 3.2 Culture Hearths: areas from which important culture traits, including ideas, technology, and social structures, originated. Rural areas focus on agricultural economy and traditional pop culture. Urban areas have more wealth and ethnic groups may be more diverse and have progressive pop culture. Culture Realms: larger cultural areas that include several regions Typically share: ● Language families Religious tradition Food preferences Architecture Shared history Collection of smaller culture regions that share related cultural systems Also called a macro-cultural region Put together, the US and Canada form a culture realm called North America. Anglo-America, Latin America, Middle East, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, South Pacific, and Japan are the 11 culture realms. Realm Anglo-America Latin America Language English Exception: Quebec (French) Spanish Exception: Brazil Religoin Protestant Catholic Notes Every possible religion and language are in North America (immigration) Expectancy Crude Death Rate (CDR) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) person will live The number of deaths occurring in one year per 1,000 people The number of children who die before one year of age Typically when IMR goes down, life expectancy goes up which leads to higher population expectancy is the highest. Canada, western Europe HOW DO GEOGRAPHERS CALCULATE POPULATION GROWTH & DECLINE? (pg. 50-53 textbook) Equation CBR - CDR 10 List two regions in the world where IMR is the highest. South Asia, West Africa A. Natural Increase Rate (NIR) or Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) a. Does not account for migration_______ b. Can be a_negative_________ number, indicating population _____decrease___ c. Usually expressed in a ___percentage______. B. Population Growth Rate Example for the United States US CBR is 12.4 NIR = a. More accurate______ measure because it accounts for. b. Immigrants people who moved into a country US CDR is 8.3 12.48.3 10 = 0.41% __migration___. Creolization (Ch. 5) Cultural Convergence (Ch. 4) Cultural Divergence (Ch. 4) Cultural Hearth (Ch. 4) Cultural Landscape (Ch. 4) Cultural Relativism (Ch. 4) Cultural Trait (Ch. 4) Dialect (Ch. 5) Ethnic Enclave (Ch. 7) Ethnic Region (Ch. 7) Ethnocentrism (Ch. 4, 7) Globalization (Ch.1) Hierarchical Diffusion (Ch. 1) Creole: a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages. Combines colonizing language with native language. Ex: Afrikaans, Swahili, Louisiana Creole, Haitian cultures become more similar due to spread of pop culture but results in loss of folk culture Cultures become more different Where a culture originates from The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape The practice of judging a culture by its own standards A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban A regional variety of a language, with differences in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation; also a form of a language spoken by members of a particular social class or profession. Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places AP HUG notes Unit 1 Vocab absolute/relative location: coordinates of a place (latitude/longitude) accessibility: the ability to reach a place with respect to another place aerial photography photography from directly above the subject built environment: the tangible human creation on the landscape cartography: the science of map-making cartographic scale: ratio between distance shown on a map & actually on Earth concentration: the extent of a feature's spread over space connectivity: relationships among people & objects across the barrier of space cultural ecology: the geographic study of human-environment relationships. cultural landscape: forms superimposed on the physical environment by humans density: the frequency with which something occurs in space diffusion: the process by which a characteristic spreads over time distance: length from one place to another distance-decay: contact diminishes with increasing distance, eventually disappears distortion: the alteration of the original shape of an object or feature distribution: the arrangement of a feature in space elevation: the altitude of a place above sea level or ground environmental determinism: theory that the physical ent. causes social development equator: parallel w/ largest circumference around Earth field observation: physically visiting a place & recoding information firsthand fieldwork: study of geographic phenomena by visiting places & observing human-environment interactions formal region: an area in which everyone shares one or more distinct characteristic friction of distance: amount of effort, money, time, energy required to overcome a distance functional region: an area organized around a node or central point geographic scale: A conceptual hierarchy of spaces, small to large, reflecting organization GIS: a computer system that can capture, stone, query, analyze, & display data GPS a system that determines the precise position of something on earth human geography: the study of where and why human activities are located as se human-environment interaction: how people interact with their environment International Date Line: Line on 180° latitude. Cross it going west, set clock-forward 24 hours. landscape analysis: studying a landscape, assessing impact of humans on that dace latitude: the numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel (runs E/10) location: the position that something occupies on earth's surface longitude: a numbering system used to locate each meridian on Earth's surface (runs N/8) map: a 2D or flat-scale model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it mental map: an internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface patterns: a geometric arrangement of objects in space physical geography: study of natural features of earth& its natural processes place: a location possibilism: theory that the physical environment may limit human actions, but people can adapt. Prime Meridian: the meridian that is 0 degrees longitude processes: method/action used to reach a specific pattern ■ This is known as the population J curve__ graph below. CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN POPULATION GROWTH & DECLINE Today, most population growth is happening in LDC's-specifically in ___Asia and Africa. o NIR in Niger = ____3.8%_____ O NIR Spain=-0.11%_____ Economic WHAT CAUSES POPULATION TO GROW & DECLINE? Population Growth- High TFR, CBR, or life expectancy // Low CDR and IMR Agricultural societies O Need Children to labor on the farm Advancedments in food production and nutrition O Mechanization of agriculture o Farming Efficiency Advancements in sanitation and is depicted on the Less water contamination & disease O O Water treatment plants o Garbage pickup Economic prosperity Access to healthcare Core countries provide better healthcare services O Prevention & cure of disease. O Women have access to pre & post-natal care Population Decline-High CDR // Low TFR, CBR, or life expectancy Industrial and post-industrial society Women more involved in the workforce O Low in LDCs O High in MDCs Life Expectancy O O Low in LDCs ■ Literacy Rates O O High in MDCs O Niger-19% O Almost widespread everywhere else Central African Republic-50.9 years Low in LDCs ■ Gender Inequality Index (GII) O Score from 0 to 1 O High value means high inequality means less developed O Low value equals low inequality means more developed O Combination of economic and political indicators Australia-83.5 years ■ ■ Maternal mortality • Rate of women who die during pregnancy or within one year due to pregnancy related complications. Per 100,000 births. Adolescent fertility Number of births per 1000 women aged 10-19 Parliamentary representation • Proportion of women that hold seats in Congressional positions • Not a steady trend of MDCs vs LDCs Educational attainment (secondary level or higher) • Do women have access to secondary school? Low in LDCs High in DCs and MDCs Human Development Index (HDI) O Score between 0 and 1 O Lower the score, LESS developed Labor force participation • Do women work outside of the home? South Sudan .39 Higher score means more developed ▪ Norway.95 O Combines four different indicators: life expectancy, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling Combines social and economic How can we explain spatial variations in development? 2.7 7.5 THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT - ROSTOW Relocation Diffusion (Ch. 1) Sense of Place (Ch. 4) Sequent Occupance (Ch. 4) Sikhism (Ch. 6) Stimulus Diffusion (Ch. 1) Syncretism (Ch. 4) Toponym (Ch. 4) Transculturation (Ch. 4) Uniform Landscape (Ch. 4) Universalizing Religion (Ch. 5) Spread of Islam by merchants and migrants Sense of Place of the north shore is categorized by small waves, cold water, rocky shore Chicago Sikhism is monotheistic and most Sikhs are in India (hearth of the religion) Growing worldwide love for hip hop music Modern astrology United States of America, Minnesota, Austin Colonialism Distribution of fast food restaurants Christianity, Islam 3.1 Cultural Relativism: an unbiased way of viewing another culture The goal is to promote understanding of cultural practices that are not typically part of one's own Leads to the view that no one culture is superior to another culture when compared Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures in terms of one's own standards/culture norms and often includes the belief that one's own culture/ethnic group is better than others. Often leads to racism. We are naturally ethnocentric Example: foot binding, putting rings around necks to stretch them Culture: The shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society. Toponym: the name given to a portion of Earth's surface. O Named for founder or after a famous person O Influenced by religion O Names from ancient history Site: the physical characteristics of a place; NOT the built environment O Climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, elevation Situation: The location of a place relative ot other places Importance, accessibility, etc Railroads, rivers, highways, big businesses, research centers, ports, airports Environmental determinism: the environment dictates what you can do Environmental possibilism: what you do to (change) the environment Cultural ecology: the study of how humans interact or adapt to the environment 1.6: scale and scale of analysis Scale of analysis: observation of data at the global scale, the national scale, the regional scale, or the local scale. A map of Latin America shows data for each country, the scale is regional (region being Latin America) map showing data at the national scale of analysis. If a map of the world is dot distribution with no regards to country lines, the scale is global AND the scale of analysis is global. Sub-national scale: US states, Canadian provinces, etc. Counts as local scale Small scale: doesn't show a lot of detail, big area of the world Large scale: very detailed, small area of the world Census tracts: dividends of an area (large scale) determined by census. Ex: neighborhoods, Austin divided into 4 quadrants projection: the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map proximity: how close Something is relative to another object qualitative data: data to do with the quality of something quantitative data: data to do with numbers or quantity of something reference maps: help people find and identify physical and/or political features region: an area with a distinctive combination of physical & cultural traits regionalization: describing an area by is distinctive traits remote sensing: acquisition of data from a satellite orbiting Earth or other long distance method scale: relationship between a feature's size on a map compared to its actual size on Earth scale of the data: ratio (scale) of a set of data sense of place: a feeling for the features that contribute to the distinctiveness of a particular spot site: the physical character of a place situation: the location of a place relative to other places space: the physical gap or interval between two objects spatial approach: the geographical way events are mapped out spatial association: relationship between and among variables over space spatial interaction: the movement of people, goods, & ideas within or across space spatial data: a map, photographs, historical information. has a location component subregion: A region that is part of a larger region sustainability: the use of Earth's resources in ways that ensure the availability in future. thematic maps: shows how a particular feature is distributed over an area time-space compression: reduction in diffusion time resulting from improved transport & coms topographic maps: maps that use isolines to represent elevation toponym: the name given to a place on Earth vernacular region: a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity 1.1-1.5 Mapmaking is a reference tool revived during the Age of Exploration and Discovery By the seventeenth century, maps accurately display, the outline of most continents and the positions of once Is it necessary to show the entire globe, or just one continent, or a country, or a city? In a scale model of the entire world, details omitted because there isn't enough space scale refers to the relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on Earth 3 types of map scale. O Ratio or fraction 1:24,000 ■ 1/24,000 O O Written scale ■ 1 inch equals 1 mile Graphic scale Consists of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth's surface Most maps are flat Flat maps are distorted because earth is a sphere 4 types of distortion O Shape becomes more elongated or squat Unit 2 2.1 Unit 2 2.1 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY (pg. 44-47 of Textbook) 2.1 Identify the factors that influence the distribution of human populations at different scales. Define methods geographers use to calculate population density. Explain the differences between and the impact of methods used to calculate population density. WHERE IS POPULATION DISTRIBUTED? Two-thirds of the world's 8 billion people are found in the following four regions. LABEL THE REGIONS ON THE MAP BELOW. Western Europe South Asia WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE THE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION? NATURAL / ENVIRONMENTAL / PHYSICAL East Asia where we live is called an ecumene. Where we don't live are called non-ecumene. Southeast Asia Natives used for labor and to produce raw materials and crops to export to imperial country Natives exploited by imperial country 4.3 Political power: control over people, land, and resources Typically presented as the form of government practiced by a state O Authoritarian Colonialism O ■ Republic Strong central power No constitutional accountability Few individual freedoms ■ Shapes of States Compact Prorupted ● Absolute monarchies (Saudi Arabia), Dictatorships (N Korea), Fascism (Hitler's Germany) Power resides in citizens entitled to vote Power exercised by elected representatives responsible to citizens Govern according to law US and Germany today ● ● Motivated by God, Gold, and Glory Neocolonialism: control over developing countries is exerted indirectly O Economic and/or political pressure controls/influences these countries O Exploitation of developing countries Shatterbelts: Regions suffering from instability due to being located between two very different regions Area of competition between two ideological or religious realms Frequenct local conflict within and between states in these regions Ex: Balkans, Isreal/Palestin, Caucasus Mountains Choke Points: Point of natural congestion along two wider and important navigable passages Maritime choke points are naturally narrow channels of shipping Control of choke points can be critical Ex: Strait of Malacca, strait of Hormuz Territoriality: connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land Desire for ownership over a defined space Defend space they claim 7.5 Explain different theories of economic and social development. How can we explain spatial variations in development? 1. 2. Wallerstien's World Systems Theory (aka Core-Periphery Model) 1. Dependency Theory Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth (aka Modernization Model) 3. Brandt Line (aka North-South Divide) ROSTOW'S STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH (MODERNIZATION MODEL) ● Level of Development How do countries become economically developed? Is there a "formula" for economic growth that could be applied to LDCs? Modeled off of the development of the Draw the Model below. Take Off Pre- Conditions to Take Off Traditional Society S& Western Europe - particularly Great Britain Time High Mass Consumption Drive to Maturity Nation-State Stateless Nations Multinational states Multistate Nations Autonomous regions Semiautonomous regions Sovereignty Self-determinism Colonialism Imperialism Independence movements Devolution Neocolonialism Shatterbelts a state that is populated by a homogeneous ethnic group. Ex. Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Japan, Denmark. term used to imply that a group, usually minority, ethnic group is a nation, and is entitled to its own state, specifically a nation-state for that nation. A country with multiple culture groups or multiple ethnic groups under a single government A group of people who share a common characteristic and live in multiple states an area of a country that has degree of autonomy or has freedom from an external authority area where a group has some type of political autonomy. the exclusive right to complete control over an area of governance, people, or oneself. Ex. US a principle that explains that all people have the right to freely determine their political statue and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development. Ex. US Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. Ex. Great Britain owned Pakistan and India during colonialism and lost control of them during decolonization periods. Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society. IDEA that drives colonialism effort by people to create a new sovereign state in a place inside of another state granting of powers from the central government of a state to government at national, regional, or local level. Ex. Britain devolved power to wills to Wales, northern Ireland, and Scotland. the control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect means a geographical region that is endangered by local conflicts within the states or between countries in the region, as well as the involvement of the opposing great powers outside the region. HOW DO GEOGRAPHERS CALCULATE POPULATION DENSITY? (pg. 48-49 of Textbook) Type: Arithmetic Equation: total population land area (sq mi) Type: Physiological Equation: total population arable land (sq mi) Type: Agricultural Equation: farmers arable land (sq mi) 2.2 Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages/Disadvantages Scale of Analysis - China Egypt LDCs vs. MDCs 2.2 CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION Case Study 2.2 Explain how population distribution and density affect society and the environment. Case Study Case Study HOW DOES POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY AFFECT SOCIETY & THE ENVIRONMENT? (In class Discussions and Videos; throughout Chapter 2) Social Political Urbanization-small living quarters Economic hardship Children are expensive, provision of food and resources Access to healthcare Women have access to contraceptives Population Growth-High TFR, CBR or life expectancy // Low CDR and IMR -Religion - Traditional cultures encourage big families - Restriction of contraceptive use and abortion Earlier marriages=more children Population Decline Role of women-Education and workforce Cultural expectations have changed in many MDC' → more women in the workforce/education postpone having children → reduction in child bearing years →less children Healthcare How to care for babies Access and understanding of contraception Population Growth Pro-natalist population policies Government encourages families through propaganda an dincentives to have children Shift from war to peace → Baby Boom Population Decline Anti-Natalist Population Policies Government discourages families through propaganda, disincentives, and policies War o Higher mortality rate O Increase in migration o Shortages of supplies Population Decline 4. Brandt Line (aka North-South Divide) WALLERSTEIN'S WORLD SYSTEM THEORY Wallerstein explains the spatial relationships between countries and explains uneven economic development. Interdependence. Core REPRODUCE THE MAP OF WALLERSTEIN'S WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY. BE SURE TO USE THREE DIFFERENT COLORS OR A COMBINATION OF PATTERNS. DON'T FORGET TO COMPLETE THE KEY! Semi-Periphery Periphery 2.5 Natural Natural disasters (earthquakes, flooding, tsunamis, hurricanes) Famine Drought Spread of disease O 60% of Europe died in the 1300s due to Bubonic Plague Other Notes CBR Reasons for CBR CDR Reasons for CDR NIR Examples Stage One No countries Hunter- gatherers High Lack of birth control High Short life expectancy Famine, poor diet, disease, warfare Stable or slow increase (positive low) No countries, historic stage Stage Two High High but lower than stage one Falls rapidly Low life expectancy Improved nutrition, sanitation Improvements in health and sanitation, women and Kids aren't economically efficient Urbanization children hired in reduces need factories (because they for child labor Better healthcare are paid less) No child labor laws Positive-lower death rate Stage Three Europe during industrial revolution Afghanistan Somalia Gender roles- women gain rights More secondary & tertiary jobs High but lower than before Falls more slowly Life expectancy increases IMR decreases, lower death rate, positive increase rate Mexico Stage Four Stage Five OPG: zero population growth High life expectancy Low Improvements in contraception Career>children Many women in workforce Low Life expectancy increases Low to zero US, Australia Replacement rate: fertility rate 2.1 Very Low Children are economic burden Low More elderly people Zero to negative Japan, Germany • People do not settle in places that have the following features: Too hot Too cold Too wet Too dry Too high in elevation • People are likely to settle in places with the following features: Fertile farmland Low in elevation (coastal regions) Temperate climates Near a body of water ● - Ecumene: the habitable areas of the world What OTHER factors influence the distribution of population? Economic ■ Job opportunities, access to resources Social/cultural O O O Case Study: Australia Housing availability, safety, access to transportation, a feeling of belonging, community Political ■ Housing availability, safety, access to transportation, feeling of belonging, community Megacities-have populations over 10 million Meta cities-sprawling urban areas with populations over 20 million 6.1 Consumer Services: Provide services because individual consumers desire them 50% of jobs in US Retail and wholesale Services Education servces Health services Leisure and hospitality services Business Service: purpose is to facilitate/help other businesses 25% of jobs in US financial services professional services transportation and similar services Public Services: provide security and protection for citizens and businesses 5% of all jobs in US Public sector employees Origin of services: settlements created to provide consumer and public services; then business services early consumer services 6.2 O burial ceremonies, rituals O housing and buildings O tools, clothing, containers, fuel, etc O began to specialize= retail service (repair tools, train horses, trade services) early public services O protection for all (walls for defense) O political leaders O soldiers O citadels early business services O surplus food supply to sell O transportation services O develop trading centers with rules and regulation, currency Urbanization: process by which population of urban settlements grow Due to the movement of people the cities from the rural areas resulting in the expansion of cities into rural areas increase in number of people living there Increase in percentage of people living in urban settlements Western Europe Eastern Europe East Asia Southeast Asia South Asia Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa Oceania Germanic and Romance languages Slavic Mandarin Southeast Asian Family Indic Arabic Examples: Niger-Congo Family, Benue-Congo branch English Impacted by art, narratives, regional identity Built environments Germanic speakers are Protestant, Romance speakers are Catholic Food and pop culture Industrial/manufacturing jobs Orthodox Buddhist, Atheist, or non-religious Buddhist and Islam Hinduism and Islam Islam Animist and Christian Protestant Exception: Greece has Indo-European Culture Region: a formal or a functional region in which a common culture trait/custom prevails. Example: US and Canada are culture regions where the English language and protestant Christianity are dominant Dominant language Religious impact on toponyms, houses of worship, cemeteries Attitudes toward ethnicity and gender Gender roles Ethnic neighborhoods language and religion is Orthodox Cultural Landscape: the combination of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, sequent occupancy, culture including traditional and postmodern architecture and land-us patterns. People in Tibet speak Tibetan Exception: Philippines (colonized by Spain) is Catholic Exception: Buddhists in Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan Israel is predominantly Jewish and speak Hebrew Iran's language is Indo- European Very diverse English colonized National Parks in the US are land set aside from development reflects the desire to preserve unique environments Signage in Quebec, bilingual signs in French and English reflect the desire of French Canadians to retain their heritage CSA Organic farming Value added specialty crops Fair trade Local-food movements Food insecurity Food deserts Suburbanization 5.1 Variations in People's Diet Consumption of food such as processing and distributing food, collecting and reusing food waste. Community supported agriculture (CSA) is a commercial agricultural service in which customers invest in a farm in exchange for a portion of the farm's harvest. Level of Development: more developed more food, different sources Physical Conditions: Climate impacts what is grown and consumed, ability to transport food long distances without spoiling Cultural preferences: likes and food dislike/avoid/can't eat Nutrients crops that are grown without fertilizers and pesticides "value added" goods have some other product in them or item attached to them to make them unique and able to sell at higher price. trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries. a movement which aim to connect food producers and food consumers in the same geographic region; in order to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks, improve local economies, or for health, environmental, community, or social impact. a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food Areas where it is difficult to find affordable, healthy food options. More common in highly populated low-income urban neighborhoods where there are fewer grocery stores/transportation options to seek out other food choices. Contribute to obesity in these areas bc people resort to buying cheap, highly caloric foods the growth of cities outside of an urban area Dietary energy Consumption: amount of food an individual consumes Mostly from grains O Wheat: Europe, North America, Central Asia, SW Asia O Rice: East Asia, South Asia, SE Asia O Maize/Corn: Sub-Saharan Africa Developed countries from meat products (beef, pork, poultry) O 1/3 of all protein in developed countries O 1/10 of all protein in developing countries Developing countries from cereal grains Food security: Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life 1/8 world's population does NOT have this Economic Social Political Economic 877 Political Natural Are there enough hospitals to care for the health needs of the population? If the population is young, are there enough schools? If the population is aging, are there resources for pensions and elder-care? Are there enough jobs for working age people? Are there enough people to fill available jobs? Are there jobs in the places where people need k? Is the political system equipped to handle a growing or shrinking population? How does one make sure the needs of a population are represented in the government? What strain does the population place on the government to provide for basic needs? Changes in farming can change carrying capacity Population density Agricultural density can tell us what regions can sustain more farmers Where population is higher, quality of the environment tends to be lower because humans tend to have a negative impact on the environment. Carrying capacity: the relationship between a population size and the amount of resources. Patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across different regions and may be mapped and analyzed at dift scales Population pyramids are used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods and services Population aging is determined by birth and death rates and life expectancy An aging population has political, social, and economic consequences, including the dependency ratio Population Composition-what percentage of the population are children? The elderly? Male? Female? Significant impact politically, socially, and economically What does a society need with a high rate of children in the population? Women? The elderly? Suppose 90% of people aged 20-40 are men. Then there will be fewer children, more military areas, a war would impact this and there would be a loss of men, in the future there will be a smaller workforce What causes a high rate of children, the elderly, or men? High rate of children needed to create a workforce in the future Higher education a woman has, statistically, the less children she will have. High rate of elderly-people are living longer Population Pyramids Show the population structure/composition of a location Used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods and services Can be utilized at various scales (city or county) United States population (2017) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Population (in millions) house structure: slowly growing dependents -- 100 working age dependency ratio: O under age of 15 and over the age of 65 are dependents O What is the demand being placed on the working age population to provide for the dependent population ■ O ■ Youth dependency Elderly dependency High dependency ratio= ■ Number of people NOT working Not earning an income · Not paying taxes Then complete the notes about each stage of the model. Stage TRADITIONAL PRE-CONDITIONS TO TAKE OFF TAKE OFF Characteristics Local or regional political power Local trade Rural setting Family based culture Subsitance farming, primary sector, informal Low, little science technology Limited wealth, little ability to move up Examples: Medieval Europe, no country is currently here Political power: leadership begin to invest in the country Trade: small scale international trade begins to develop Setting: beginning of urbanization Labor market: shift to secondary, beginning of industrialization Technology: transportation systems develop, mechanized farming Wealth: increased investment in business and infrastructure Examples: Nigeria and Afghanistan Trade: major export industry, increased international trade Setting: urbanization Choke points Territoriality Relic boundaries Superimposed boundaries Subsequent boundaries Antecedent boundaries Geometric boundaries Consequent boundaries Defined boundaries Delimited boundaries Demarcated boundaries Administered boundaries Demilitarized zones Land boundaries Maritime boundaries Berlin conference geographic locations where the flow of people and goods can be constricted and choked off in the event of a conflict a means of affecting (enhancing or impeding) interaction and extends. the particulars action by contact. boundaries that used to exist and can still be detected on the landscape, like the Great Wall of China and the Berlin Wall. political barriers drawn in an area with complete disregard for the cultural, religious, and ethnic divisions within the people living there. Ex: scramble for Africa a political boundary that was created after two groups have already settled there. Ex: border between Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland, created to separate the majority protestant north and the majority Catholic south a boundary between two states that is created before the area is populated with human society. Ex: boundary between US and Canada drawn by colonizers along the parallel before they colonized N. America A boundary created by using lines of latitude and longitude and their associated arcs a boundary between opposing cultural, ethnic, or political groups, that was established to settle disputes, end wars, and establish a clear separation between groups. Ex: Sudan/South Sudan Boundaries established by a legal document Boundaries drawn on a map Identified by physical objects like walls, signs, and fences The enforcement and maintaining of a boundary by government. an area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers or contending groups forbid military installations, activities, or personnel. Boundaries over land Boundaries over water/sea convened in 1884 with the intention of dividing up the continent of Africa among the various European imperial powers ● ● CORE-PERIPHERY MODEL There is a world economic system - one large_____interconnected_ What characterizes Wallerstein? ● ● O Legacy of colonialism_ advantages in production for the core countries. How can a country develop when its__resources (natural and human) are controlled by a handful of the prosperous_____industrialized countries? O Competition between core countries for colonies and trade_ O ● O __Military ____ strength _Economically Strong_military_ & CORE ● Highly interconnected & communication Control of the global market Businesses are_headquartered_________ here. Former colonial powers_______ _higher skill, capital-intensive production. Examples: US, UK, Japan, Australia, Germany. & allies _transportation _Politically dominant ● "Middle income" countries ● Aspects of the core_ & the In the -process of industrialization. Active in manufacturing and exporting_ Better _transportation_ SEMI-PERIPHERY economy. periphery_ infrastructure_____ goods and raw materials. than the periphery. Schools in Pakistan are gender-segregated reflecting attitudes toward male and female roles Office Buildings in Shanghai are massive skyscrapers that reflect economic power and a desire to have businesses in a central, well-known location Sequent Occupance: the idea that societies or cultural groups leave their cultural imprints when they live in a place, each contributing to the overall cultural landscape over time 3.4 Imprint over time is unique to an area and shows their history and influences Attitudes toward ethnicity and gender Ethnicity: a sense of belonging or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture. Common homeland or hearth. Ethnic enclaves: relatively small area occupied by a distinct culture or ethnicity, which largely results from chain migration Ethnic islands: small, rural areas settled by a single ethnic group Ethnic neighborhoods: concentrations of people from the same ethnicity in certain pockets of a city - distinct culture from that of the surrounding neighborhoods, city living with people with same cultural values and beliefs. People who speak their native language and practice their religion are all together. Houses, stores, churches, architectures, signs in traditional language Ethnic provinces: when entire regions become associated with ethnic or racial aggregations Examples in the US: Most Black or African American people live in the South (South East) Most Hispanic/Latinos live in the Southeast Most Asians and Asian Americans like in Hawaii, California, Washington, and New York City ● . . Relocation diffusion: the spread off a cultural trait by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them American Indian and Alaska Native Populations are larger around the four corners, northern USA, Alaska, and eastern Oklahoma. O Ex: spread of pizza Italy to US by immigrants in 19th century O Trait may continue to be more important in area where migrants settled more than in the hearth Expansion diffusion: Spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process O Contagious: continuous spread outward from hearth through contact among people ■ Ex: heath of blues in Southern US has spread to Saint Louis, Chicago, NYC Hierarchical: spread outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth, power, and importance. The trait works its way down the social ladder ■ Ex: music, fashion, fads, cell phones in the 80s ■ Reverse hierarchical diffusion O O Stimulus: people in a culture adopt an underlying idea or process from another culture, but modify it because they reject one trait of it O 3% 1800 O 6% 1850 O 14% 1900 O 30% 1950 O 47% 2000 O More developed countries than developing countries More megacities and meta cities in periphery and semi-periphery countries Modern World Cities: centers of business power and at top of central place hierarchy in provision of consumer services and public-service centers Hinduism (Ch. 6) Vocab Term Indigenous Community (Ch. 4) Islam (Ch. 6) Judaism (Ch. 6) Language Family (Ch. 5) Language Branch (Ch. 5) Lingua Franca (Ch. 5) Multiculturalism (Ch. 4) Norms (Ch. 4) Pidgin Language (Ch. 5) Popular Culture (Ch. 4) a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth Real life examples! Inuit of Alaska, Lakota in the US, Maori of New Zealand. Muslims in USA and in Middle East Jewish people in USA, Israel, France Indo-European, Austronesian, Niger-Congo Germanic, Slavic English, French, Arabic. A common language used by speakers of two different languages for communication. Usually for business, trade, commerce, or in pop culture. Chinese-Canadians, Turkish-Germans, Arab-Americans Greeting people, waving, tipping waiter/waitress are all American cultural norms. Louisiana Creole, Haitian Creole. An extremely simplified non-native language used by two people speaking two different languages McDonald's, Coca Cola DRIVE TO MATURITY HIGH MASS CONSUMPTION Labor market: full industrialization and high output capabilities Technology: advancements in technology Wealth: businesses are making money → shift to patterns of consumption Examples: NICS, (Newly Industrialized Countries, Philippines, India, Vietnam Population growth declines Labor market: Specialization of industry, workers become skilled and widespread education Technology: high levels of power consumption, improved transportation and communication systems Wealth: investment in social infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, etc Examples: Brazil, Russsia, China Population continues to decline or goes into the negative Labor market: mostly tertiary sector; highly skilled and highly educated workforce Technology: high levels of power consumption, improved transportation and communication systems Wealth: people spend $$ on nonessential goods Examples: Japan, Canada, US Reapportionment: Every 10 years the number of seats each state receives in the House of Reps is potentially changed based on the census. Redistricting: state legislatures redraw district to create districts of roughly equal population Voting districts, redistricting, and gerrymandering influence the results of elections at various scales Census: the count of people living within America every 10 years 4.7 National/State Governments Unitary Governments: most of the power is given to the national government and the local governments have few powers (only have powers given to them by the federal government) O Great for nation-states with few cultural differences and strong sense of nationalism; small states-easier communication O Common in European States Federal Government: important political powers are allocated to units of local government within the country as well as the Federal/National government. O Federal government is central law of the land but local governments can create their own laws as well-as long as they agree with the federal government's laws. Good for large states. Ex: US, Canada, Russia O Democracy: A country that is run by the people-usually through elected representations O Republic: supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives. Has an elected president rather than a monarch Autocracy: a country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people O Authoritarian Anocracy: a country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but has a mix of these two types 4.8 Failed States: states that are unable to perform the two fundamental functions of the sovereign nation- state: projecting authority and protecting its national boundaries State legitimacy: corruption and a lack of representativeness directly undermines the social contract Public services: The provision of health, education, and sanitation services, among others, are key roles in the area Human rights and Rule of Law: When human rights are violated or unevenly protected, the state is failing in its ultimate responsibility. Security apparatus: the security apparatus should have a monopoly on the use of legitimate force. The social contract is weakened where this is affected by competing groups. Factionalized Elites: When local and national leaders engage in deadlock and brinksmanship for political gain, this undermines the social contract External Intervention: When the state fails to meet its international or domestic obligations, external actors may intervene to provide services or to manipulate internal affairs. O O O Goode Homolosine projection O Pros: preserves size and shape of landmasses O Cons: Eastern and Western hemispheres are separated, meridians don't converge, not perpendicular with parallels Robinson projection O Pros: displaying information across oceans Cons: land areas are much smaller GPS Distance between two places becomes increased or decreased Relative size of different areas may be altered-one area may appear larger than another on a map but is in reality smaller The direction from one place to another can be distorted O Mercator projection O Pros: shape is distorted very little, direction is consistent, map is rectangular O Cons: relative size is grossly distorted toward the poles Gl science: geographic information science, involves development and analysis of data acquired through satellite and other electronic information technology O Made by satellites in orbit above Earth Remote sensing O A satellite sensor records the image of a pixel O Scanners detect radiation being reflected O Maps agriculture, drought, sprawl O O O O O O Satellites Tracking stations A receiver that can locate at least 4 satellites Pinpoint location More efficient than pen and ink for making a map Objects can be added or removed ■ Layers ■ ■ Colors can be brightened or toned down Mistakes can be corrected if caught Country boundaries Bodies of water Roads Place names Mashup O Application programming interface (API) is the language that links a database such as an address list with software such as mapping ■ O Ex: google maps Thematic vs Reference Maps O Thematic give specific information about a specific topic Has a theme More qualitative Choropleth-colors show density HISTORICAL TRENDS IN POPULATION GROWTH & DECLINE • Throughout most of history, population growth was very_low_. o Starting around__1750____ __Agricultural. Industrial_ ■ O First1 billion in 1804____ Revolution Revolution Rapidurbanization_ Advances in healthcare__&__sanitation____ Since then,_doubling time_ has ---- population growth _____increased____ rapidly. _decreased_____________ as Recreate the shape of the graph. Fill in the dates next to the arrows. Add the two stars for significant events Time 1756 10 9 8 7 6 5 3 Population (in billions) Dietary Energy Needs People need 1,800 kcal/day World average= 2,780 kcal/day Developed countries= 3,470 kcal/day Undernourishment: dietary energy consumption below minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity O % of sub Saharan Africa, 1/5 of South Asia, 1/6 of developing countries O Africa: Sahel difficulty supporting farming and herding Intensive Agriculture: Large amounts of labor and capitol, small amounts of land, lots of production on small area of land = profit. Fertilizer, insecticides, herbicides to increase production Money to purchase equipment for planting, cultivating, harvesting, irrigation High agricultural density Close to market/urban areas (more expensive land but cheaper shipping) Most common in LDCs but can be in MDCs Extensive Agriculture: Few inputs (capital, labor), lots of land, low yield per land Low agricultural density Natural fertility of soil, terrain, climate, availability of water Far from markets/country Most common in MDCs but can be in LDCs 1. The plants that grow in New Guinea primarily consists of taro roots and bananas. Taro roots are much more laborious to plant, they can't be stored long, they are low in protein. Bananas are rich in sugar and starch but low in protein. Not much protein is offered from the environment. America naturally grows wheat, which is much more substantial for the diet. In New Guinea, they never used plows for farming because they didn't have the animals to pull them. In Asia and Europe they had pigs, cow, sheep, goats, horses, etc. 2. I agree with this statement because a civilization without protein-rich food sources and animals to domesticate have to spend much more energy focusing on survival that they can't become an advanced civilization. When the people spend all day farming, they can't develop a military or political powers, or if they do it is a much slower process. They need to be lucky with beasts of burden and a sustainable food source in order to advance in other aspects of development. 5.3 Types of Economic Activity Primary economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment. O Ex: farming, mining, forestry, fishing Secondary: involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished productions. O Ex: processing of agricultural production, minerals, trees. Manufacturing sector. Tertiary: associated with the provision of services. O Ex: transportation, banking, retailing, providing services (education, routine office-based jobs) 2.4 Explain factors that account for contemporary and historical trends in population growth & decline. WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE A POPULATION'S GROWTH & DECLINE? (pg. 58 - 59 textbook) 1. Fertility a. b. 2. Mortality a. b. C. 3. Migration Crude birth rate (CBR) Total fertility rate (TFR) Life expectancy Crude death rate Infant mortality rate FERTILITY (pg. 50-53 of textbook) Crude Birth Rate (CBR) MORTALITY Life Total Fertility Rate Average number of children who would be born per woman during her childbearing years (14-49) (TFR) The number of live births occurring in one List two regions in the world where CBR is the year per 1,000 people highest. West Africa, Sub Saharan Africa Globally TFR has been significantly decreasing over time. Ideally 2.1:1 The number of years, on average, that a List two regions in the world where life UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Exclusive economic zones Voting districts Redistricting Gerrymandering Unitary states Federal states Ethnic separatism Ethnic cleansing Terrorism Irredentism Supranationalism Democratization Supranational organizations Military alliances Failed states lays down a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world's oceans and seas establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources. the zone where the U.S. and other coastal nations have jurisdiction over natural resources. the wide variety of small polling areas, such as election districts, precincts, or wards, that State and local governments create for the purpose of administering elections. The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population. drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to favor one party a state where laws are administered uniformly by one central government. A country where governmental authority is shared among a central government and various other smaller, regional authorities occurs when minority groups fight for independence when a people group commits mass expulsion or mass killing of a particular ethnic group whom they do not want to exist either in a particular region or in the world as a whole. The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes a political movement that intends to reunite a nation or reclaim a lost territory. Strongly tied to nationalism. Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among national states to promote shared objectives. the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative represent their members on the world stage and act in the political interests of the member countries. The only supranational organization is the EU. Organizations of countries who agree to help each other militarily if attacked by another country. a state that is unable to perform the two fundamental functions of the sovereign nation- Quaternary: service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. O Ex: research, gathering information, administration, finance, legal services Quinary: Requires a high level of specialized knowledge skill O Ex: highest level decision makers, CEOs, scientific research. Agriculture: deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain. Agricultural Hearths: SE Asia (Huang He River), India (Indus River), Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers), Ethiopia (Nile River), South America Crop Hearth Subsaharan Africa: Sorghum, yams, millet, rice East Asia: Rice and millet Latin America: Beans, cotton, potato, maize Southwest Asia: barley, wheat, lentil, olive Vegetative Planting Reproduction of plants from existing plants (cutting stems, dividing roots) SE Asia (taro root, yams, bananas, palm trees) O Diffused to Asia West Africa and NW South America (palm tree, yams, sweet potato, arrowroot) O Diffused to central America Seed Cultivation: the reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization. Hearths: W India, N China, Ethiopia O Rapidly diffused to Europe, rest of Asia O Barley, wheat, cattle in SW Asia to Europe O Cotton, rice from SW Asia to India to China Rice from N China to SE Asia O S Mexico and N Peru: corn, maize, squash, beans, cotton Animal Domestication the best animals to farm are large, plant eating mammals. 150 species of wild, plant-eating terrestrial animals that weigh over 100 pounds. Of those, we have only successfully farmed 14. All but llamas of South America are native to Asia, North Africa, and Europe. Southwest Asia is credited with domesticating many of the most important stock animals around 8,000 years ago (cattle, goats, pigs, sheep) Dogs were firstdomesticated around 12,000 years ago in Asia, predating the agricultural revolution. Used for hunting and security, Horses were domesticated in Central Asia, diffusion follows the diffusion of the Indo-European language family. ■ Ex: people in India eating vegetarian version of Western fast food to accommodate to vegetarian culture in India 3.8 Effects of the diffusion of culture Acculturation: when a culture is substantially changed through interaction with another culture O Ex: People in India speaking English due to former British occupation Assimilation: The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits when they come into contact with another society or culture O Dress, speech, particularities, mannerisms O Usually the less dominant culture O Ex: Native American children were forced into boarding schools to assimilate them into American culture Syncretism: blending of traits from two different cultures to form a new trait O Ex: the blending of Buddhism and other traditional religions Multiculturism: different cultures in a society deserve value and respect for unique differences O Ex: Zimbabwe having 16 different official languages to honor all of the tribal groups that make it up Attempts at cultural preservation: using deliberate methodologies to maintain cultural heritage for the benefit of future generations O Fate of a cultural group O O 3.3 Types of languages Globalization vs diversity Ex: Canada only allowing new immigrants in Quebec to attend French-speaking schools to preserve French from the encroachment of English into Quebec Institutional language: used in education, work, mass media, government, literary tradition Developing language: spoken widely, has literary tradition Vigorous language: spoken by many, lacks literary tradition Threatened language: used for face-to-face communication, losing users Dying language: used by older people, not being transmitted to children Literary tradition: written as well as spoken Official language: government designated. Used for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money O Creates unity in diverse states, efficient, aids in communication, cheaper costs (only print in one language O Language of powerful majority, marginalizes/isolates or endangers others Classifying Languages Language family-common ancestral language long before recorded history Language branch-common ancestral language existing several thousand years ago. Language group-common origin in the relatively recent past Languages of the world (90% of them) Indo-European O O 3.7 Religion O O Indo-Iranian ■ Germanic ■ Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, English, German, etc. Romance ■ ■ Balto-Slavic O O O Celtic Greek O Sino-Tibetan Hindi, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto Portuguese, Spanish, French, Romanian, Italian, Catalan, etc. Albanian Armenian O Niger-Congo O Afro-Asiatic Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian Chinese/Mandarin Austronesian Most of Sub-Saharan Africa-Yoruba, Igbo, Swahili O Vietnamese, Arabic, Hebrew O Mostly Indonesia O 706 languages in Indonesia O Javanese Dravidian O Telegu, Tamil O Unknown origin, older than Indo-European Altaic Japanese O Mixed alphabet, Chinese characters, phonetic alphabet Korean Austro-Asiatic How languages emerge Creolization Pidgin Languages Dialects Lingua Franca Colonialism, imperialism, and trade O Scramble for Africa Universalizing-precise places of origin, based on everts in the life of a man Elongated Fragmented. Perforated Landlocked Interregional Migration results in diversified places because of the movement of people. This connects to voting districts because voting districts are created to provide representation because people aren't homogenous because of migration (such as intrerregional migration). In addition, regions of states have different dialects from each other because they develop separately the same language. 4.4 Political Boundaries reflect balances of power that have been negotiated or imposed Between states and within states Boundaries divide one state's territory from another Four step process to create a boundary - O Definition-points in the landscape described in a legal document O Delimitation-line drawn on a mmap to show the limits of a space O Demarcation-actual altering of the landscape (wall, fence) O Administration-boundary is maintained Types of political boundaries: Natural: a feature of the natural landscape is followed. Commonly mountains, rivers, and lakes Geometric: drawn without regard for physical or cultural features. Often of lines of latitude/longitude Relic: no longer functions as an international border, but the imprint of the boundary still remains on the cultural landscape. Ex: Great wall of China, East/West Berlin Superimposed: imposed on an area by an outside or conquering power. Ex: Partition of India creating the Muslim majority state of Pakistan. Subsequent: put in place after a border had already been established. Dran to accommodate existing cultural difference between countries. Drawn after development of cultural landscape. Ex: Sudan/South Sudan, Ireland/Northern Ireland. Antecedeent: boundary in the natural landscape that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place as people moved in. Ex: Pyrenees Mountains between Spain and France Consequent: drawn to accommodate cultural differences (religion, language). Also called Cultural boundaries. Ex: Pakistan and India, Balkan States Militarized: heavily guarded discouraging crossing and movement. Ex: N/S Korea border Open: Boundary where crossing is unimpeded Schengen Borders Agreement: 26 European countries that have abolished passports and any other kind of border control at their common borders. Consists of all EU countries except Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Ireland, Romania, and UK. Also includes Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. Types of Boundary Disputes 1) Allocation Dispute: States disagree about the rights to or proportionate distribution (allocation) of natural resources in the border region. a. Over minerals, oil natural gas, or water resources that do not coincide with human- created political borders 2) Definitional (Positional) Dispute: Two parties hold different interpretations of the written description of a boundary. Written documents are interpreted differently 3) Locational (Territorial) Dispute: dispute over a physical border (river, mountain). Challenged as a physical border may have changed over time. 4) Operational (Functional) Dispute: disagreement between two states about the border. Can be over the creation/maintenance of border markets, fences, or walls; immigration policies and border control; and cross border transportation of goods (legal and illegal) Complex Borders Enclave: country or part of a country entirely surrounded by another country O Problems: borders mingle between the two countries, could be easily overtaken, languages Exclave: portion of a country geographically separated from the rest of the country O Problems: country can be taken over by the country its nearest too and would be hard to defend O Positives: access to resources, access to coast (like in Russia's case) Egypt-Sudan border dispute Originally set at the 22nd parallel, British changed it for access to resources, Sudan wants these resources too. - Antarctica: Nobody can control Antarctica People want scientific research in Antarctical Can't do military testing in Antarctica Buffer Zone: a neutral area serving to separate hostile forces or nations. Ex: Cyprus separates Turkey from Greek Japan and China territorial disputes Fighting over islands with resources existing between Japan and China China-Vietnam conflict China had an oil rig on the Paracel Islands that were supposed to be Vietnam's China-India dispute Fighting over land in Kashmir. India's land but China wants it South China Sea: China has owned it since the 1500s but now everyone else wants it for control of the islands, resources, refueling stations. Kashmir: Fighting over Kashmir because has a majority Muslim population but India is Hindu. Ethnic conflicts. 4.6 Bangladesh became a country by declaring its independence from Pakistan because of language differences. Israel-Palestine Nationalism played a role; all the different religions wanted to become their own states (Jewish, Palestinians) British government promised establishment in Palestine of a national home for Jewish people AND they told the Palestinians that they would have their own land. Pakistan and India-fight over Kashmir Fighting because of religious differences Bangladesh became a country because of a crisis between India and Pakistan, causing the secession of East Pakistan, creating the independent state of Bangladesh Gerrymandering: the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. Occurs when the congressional boundaries for each state are redrawn based on changes in population that was identified by the Census. Goals are grant hig representation party drawing boundaries and to reduce representation to other parties Ex: Maryland gerrymandered by democrats, North Carolina gerrymandered by republicans Congressional Seats of Each State of the US Must be roughly equal population Don't have to be equal geographic size Should be compact Contiguous: able to be reached by reached by road from every other part of the district Redrawn every 10 years after census to reflect changing population Internal Boundaries and balance of power Apportionment: proportional distribution of seats in the US House of Reps based on population of each state 1st Agricultural Revolution: Neolithic Revolution Transition from Hunting and Gathering to Farming About 8000 to 14000 BCE O Nomads to settled communities O Relying on nature vs controlling it (to an extent) O Evolved slowly over time Modify earth's surface to cultuivate plants and raise domesticated animals (food or economic gain) Why: O Environmental: end of recent ice age expanded the ecumene O Cultural: desire to establish sedentary communities; experimentation with agriculture vs accidental 2nd Agricultural Revolution. 1500s England Use of technology to increase food production (iron plow, etc.) Increase in food production (more land farmed = increase product) leads to increase in population Better ways to store food New technologies O Seed drill O O O O O O Irrigation systems O Storage systems ALL INCREADED YIELD AND ENCOURAGED POPULATION BOOM WHILE NEEDING LESS LABORERS Less need for workers on farms Moved to cities Increased demand for products Better collar for oxen Use of horses instead of oxen New fertilizers Improved crop rotation Field drainage 3rd Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution) Began 1940s in Mexico O Rest of the world follows in 1950 O Huge impact in 1960s-1970s Genetic engineering to increase food production Dr. Norm Borlaug GMOs Higher-yield form of wheat (Mexico 1940s) Rice (International Rice Research Institute) Developed to prevent a food crisis Pop Pyramid Youth Pop Composition Impacted by culture/religion Epidemiologic transition model O O ■ ■ ■ ■ dependency. Very sloped Wide base Peak is not high-50s, early ■ 60s Many young, very few old O Stage 1: pestilence, famine, death ■ Parasitic diseases Infectious diseases Animal attacks Pandemics: disease across multiple regions, countries, or possibly the world Epidemics: disease around a region or community Food shortages Dirty water Stage 2: Less death and receding pandemics. Improved standard of living Increased food production More nutritious food Pyriamid shape ■ More older people ■ ■ Cancer ■ Without treatments O Stage 4: Fighting degenerative diseases ■ Fewer young people, looks like a house, more old people Society is still young, but there are more Improved sanitation Industrial, agricultural, scientific, medical revolutions Stage 3: Degenerative diseases: a disease that continues to get worse over time ■ Heart attacks people surviving longer. Medical advancements delay degenerative diseases Longer life expectancy Improved diets and lifestyle choices More sedentary lifestyle O Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious disease ■ Evolution of disease. ■ Increased poverty Increased urbanization Globalization stabilizes Beginning to shift to elderly dependency High elderly dependency ratio 2.4 O Working population face higher taxes If there are more children than workforce than they wont be able to replace the workforce Economic impacts of the elderly O O O O Less amusement parks O Restaurants open earlier O O Healthcare-more healthcare jobs needed to be filled Hospitals Retirement homes Accessible areas Golf O Government-sponsored retirement funds. Social impacts of the elderly Less amusement parks Senior centers. Inside games Reading, knitting club Church representations Radio stations that would cater to them Traditional families-bride moves into her husband's family residence O O O O O O O O Provide social support to families-babysitting, housekeeping Political impacts of the elderly O Strong views on their views of politics · ■ ■ Overworked healthcare workers Not enough doctors/nurses ■ O Very active politically (voting, opinions) Economic impact of large young population O Demand for education O O O Low taxes Use of taxes that would benefit them-medical care, veterans' support Healthcare Retirement Less workers More demand for workers More young will die due to, for example, lack of food or healthcare workers ■ Sex Ratio: the proportion of males to females in a population O Important to examine at multiple scales O Uneven proportion due to: I War ■ Insufficient healthcare for women Migration Gendercide/Sex-Selective Abortions 2.4.1 POPULATION DYNAMICS ● ● ● ● ● NICS areBRICS______: Often have Less Export Not reliable. Former wealth_ Examples: weak laws. low skill DEPENDENCY THEORY Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Mexico_ PERIPHERY Unstable governments. lower levels of natural resources_ transportation or communication__ colonies_ education_ to protect workers. Afghanistan, Peru, Kenya, Somalia. CORE Buy raw materials Pay for cheap labor Sell consumer goods for high prices. than the core. to core & semi-periphery. infrastructure. labor-intensive jobs,low wages. DRAW THE DEPENDENCY THEORY BELOW. BE SURE TO INCLUDE THE ARROWS AND THE INFORMATION IN THE ARROWS. Sells consumer goods and provides $$ flow to the SP & P SEMI-PERIPHERY Sends cheap labor & natural resources to the SP & C countries. PERIPHERY Pay high prices for consumer goods, which depletes $ supply and opportunities for investment. c. Emigrants- people that move out of the country d. United States - 0.72% Equation Births Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants C. Doubling Time a. The number of years in which a population will DOUBLE assuming the growth rate remains stable. Equation 70 NIR Example for the United States 70 0.41% 70 NIR = 175 years 2.4.2 POPULATION DYNAMICS 2.4 Explain factors that account for contemporary and historical trends in population growth & decline. 2.8 Explain how the changing role of females has demographic consequences in different parts of the world. Uneven development Cultural cohesion Ethnonationalism Centrifugal forces Centripetal forces state in the modern world system: it cannot project authority over its territory and peoples, and it cannot protect its national boundaries. The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy. The capacity of different national and ethnic groups to make a mutual commitment to live together as citizens of the same state. a form of nationalism in which the "nation" is defined in terms of ethnicity. forces or attitudes that tend to divide a state. Uniting forces 4.1-4.2 Sovereignty: when a state has control over its internal affairs without interference by other states Own government, laws, army, leaders State: an area organized into political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs Defined boundaries, internationally recognized, formal region US States are not states by definition City-State: a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside (hinterland) Past way to divide up the world (before 1800s) City controls the agricultural land to produce food for people living in the city Use surrounding land for protection Nation: a group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history. Common cultural heritage. - Often possess or seek its own government, lives within a territory Ex: Jewish nation, Arab Nation, Korean Nation-State: a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality; cultural homogeneity Created by desire for ethnic groups to rule themselves Stateless Nation: a nation of people without a state that is considered home or sovereignty Has no political rights and are unable to participate in the government and often not represented by the government Ex: Kurds, Basques, Palestinians, Hmong Multinational State: a state that contains two or more nations with traditions of self-determination (right to rule themselves) Either one nation dominates or all nations rule together peacefully Ex: States today that were former Soviet Union, Russia, Switzerland Multistate Nation: A nation living across states-in more than one contiguous state Ex: Russia, Korean nation, many African Nations, Irish Autonomous Region: A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state (not independent) Usually due to geographically, ethnically, or culturally distinct areas Ex: Greenland, Hong Kong Semi-Autonomous Region: An area which can govern itself in certain areas but does not have complete power to govern Ex: Nunavut, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland The contemporary world is shaped by sovereignty and self-determination Political boundaries are influenced by Colonialism: attempt by a state to establish settlements and impose political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory O Europeans' spread of Christianity O Creates unequal cultural and economic relations. Imperialism: effort by one state to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on territory that was already occupied O The IDEA driving the practice of colonialism O Ex: European division of Africa 1885 Berlin Conference Independence movements O People trying to gain political independence for an area they think should be its own state Devolution: transfer of decision-making power from a central government to subnational levels of government within the state O Forces leading to devolution include: Ethno-linguistic division ■ Physical geography ■ Terrorism Economic factors ■ Social condition Colony: a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent Can be as little as only the colony's military and foreign policy or as much as internal affairs Effects and consequences of Imperialism Spread of imperial country's language and religion Natives lose political power and rights Population Policies Pro Natalists Reasons. o Economically: not enough workers, might encourage a pro natalist policy O Demographically: population is declining (need to have more babies to maintain population), more old people then young people O Socially: gender gap O Politically: laws that support young people, lack of children might be a political burden O Religion Examples O O O O O O O O Housing subsidies Stage 4 and Stage 5 of DTM Anti-Natalist: Propaganda Tax incentives Free daycare Get paid to have children Stealing women One child policy Anti-immigration reasons O too many children to take care of (children are economic, social burdens) O overpopulation O not enough jobs O not enough resources (environmental) O politically: population cant work, cant vote, cant pay taxes O religion O reduce the risk of famine stage 2 countries methods O propaganda O economic fears, smaller families are more prosperous O encourage later marriage, less children, acceptance of girls O financial disincentives fines and taxes per child. O incentives for having few children O family planning and contraception ■ family planning education ■ access to contraception sterilization clinics legalization of abortion. ■ ■ unintended consequences APPLIED TO A COUNTRY LEVEL SCALE Can the Core-Periphery Model and Dependency Theory be used to spatially analyze economic development at different scales? GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF CITIES IN THE US THAT WOULD FIT INTO THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES Core Cities: New York and Chicago ● BRANDT LINE (AKA THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE) Semi-Periphery Cities: Cincinnati, Atlanta __Spatial of development Generally,MDCs are in the northern.. Periphery Cities: Rural Areas hemisphere and LDCs are in the _____southern_________ hemisphere. Fallen out of favor due to the development of many ______NICS (newly industrialized countries)____ that are located in the ______southern____________ hemisphere. LABEL THE MAP BELOW WITH THE BRANDT LINE. Market gardening Plantation agriculture Mixed crop/livestock system Extensive farming practices Shifting cultivation Nomadic herding Ranching Clustering Dispersed Linear Rural settlement patterns Rural survey method Metes and bounds Township and range Long-lot survey method Hearths of domestication Coumbian exchange Agricultural revolution Second agricultural revolution Green revolution Agricultural production regions Subsistence farming Commercial farming a farm where people grow products that will be sold in a market a form of commercial agriculture, it is a large farm that specializes in one or two crops farmers grow crops and raise livestock on the same land with most of the crops fed to the animals rather than people yields a large amount of output per acre through less intensive farming (uses a large amount of land) a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift crop activity from one field to another the wandering, but controlled movement of livestock, solely dependent on natural forage- is the most extensive type of land use system the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement. areas of extensive agriculture practice whose individual farmhouses lay far apart structures clustered along a road or a river to facilitate communications Dispersed: farmhouses lay far apart. Nucleated: villages are close together with small surrounding fields metes and bounds, township and range, and long lot. A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land. A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior. settlement pattern in southern Quebec and some other areas of Canada where individual lots tend to be long and narrow and extend back from major rivers or roads Southeast Asia (Indus River Valley, Middle East (Fertile Crescent), and Central America (Mesoamerica) where products were carried both ways across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during colonization time period when society went from hunters and gathers to farming and domestication of animals, 10,000 BCE Began in W. Europe in 1600s; intensified agriculture by promoting higher yields per acre/ perfarmer began in mid 1950s; modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock and crops the parts of the world where plants are grown and animals are raised for human consumption. the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family; found in LDC's farmers and ranchers sell all of their output for money and buy their families' food at stores ● Diffusion Slow and limited Primarily through relocation Oral traditions and stories Buildings and Housing Locally produced materials Built by community or owner Similar style for community Different between cultures ● Food ● Spatial focus Popular/Global Cultures: large, heterogeneous groups of people, often living in urban areas that are interconnected through globalization and the internet/social media. Wide spread in world. ● Origin: specific point of origin; usually a more developed/developed country Diffusion: rapidly through expansion: hierarchical diffusion ● Distribution: widespread wherever technology allows Architecture Emphasis on community and conformity Families live in close proximity Gender roles • Locally produced Choices limited by tradition Prepared by family or community Land Use ● ● Local and regional Society Clothing ● Housing . Materials from factories and manufactured Glass, steel, drywall, cement ● Urban and suburban; more developed countries Placelessness: loss of uniqueness of a place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next or does not inspire any strong emotional or cultural ties. Uniform landscape (hard to tell one place from another) Global appeal of blue jeans in Delhi India Styles that are found in many areas Houses in Tudor style were especially popular in affluent suburbs during 1970s Houses built by companies (cookie-cutter) Social Structure Urban and connected location Diverse and multiethnic population Many people speak a global language such as English or Arabic Emphasis on individualism and making choices Dispersed families 21st century focus: address broader social issues O poverty, war, education O aid in economic development O gender empowerment and equality. O gender imbalance Malthus' Theory: population decline is inevitable because population grows exponentially and food supply grows arithmetically not true. Was written before the industrial revolution. Food supply is exponential. Economic Sector Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Quinary Explanation obtaining raw materials from the earth Manufacturing; processing of raw materials. Industry. Service sector that focuses on moving, selling, and trading products from the primary and secondary sectors Knowledge-based sector, focusing on research and information creation and transfer Highest levels of decision making, includes top officials in government and business. Examples Agriculture, Mining, fishing, forestry, farming. If there are a lot of people in this sector, its likely a Stage 2 country Raising Pigs Oil Gasoline Pigs→Spam Truck taking spam to target retail, marketing, design, restaurants, shipping How can we measure a country's development: Investment banking, real estate, college professors, education, software developers Congress, CEOs Decisions impact millions As a country develops, the primary sector is very small due to an increase in education and tertiary. So, the tertiary sector is bigger in more developed countries. In less developed countries, the economy is mostly made up of primary. Development: a specified state of growth or advancement process of improving material well-being and quality of life of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology variations in development on different scales-global, regional, local O ■ ■ ■ Dot-Density- number of dots show data Graduated Symbol- size of dots show data Cartogram-distorts political boundaries Isoline & topographic- use lines to represent change in data value Reference give us information about different places Road map Political boundaries, continents, oceans ■ Physical map Absolute Location: exact, precise. Ex: Address, coordinates, latitude and longitude Relative Location: relationship to another place. Ex: Next to my house, between albert lea and Rochester Absolute Distance: exact, precise. Ex: Miles, km, ft, map scale Relative Distance: Spatial Interaction: connections, contacts, movement between consumers and products. Ex: I can order anything on Prime and have it delivered in two days. Measured in time. Absolute Direction: NSEW Relative Direction: Turn right at the Kwik Trip Clustering Dispersal/Distribution Patterns Formal Region: most everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics O Ex: common language, economic activity, climate. Functional Region: nodal region O Characteristic decreases in Density: number/area tion from center of node to edge of region O Ex: circulation of a newspaper, customers attracted to department store Vernacular Region: an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity O Ex: The American South is a region individuals recognize as having distinct environmental, cultural, and economic preferences. O Arithmetic: people/land O Physiological: people/livable land O Agricultural: farmers/farmland O High Housing Concentration: closely spaced together-clustered, relatively far apart-dispersed Patterns: geometric arrangement of objects in space (linear, irregular, square, rectangular) Impacted by gender, ethnicity, race, cultural traits Demographic Pressures: pressure on the population such as disease and natural disasters make it difficult for the government o protect its citizens Refugees and IDPs: Pressures associated with population displacement. This strains public services and may pose a security threat. Group Grievance: when tension and violence exists between groups, the state's ability to provide security is undermined and fear and further violence may ensue. Human Flight and Brain Drain: When there is little opportunity, people migrate, leaving a vacuum of human capital. Those with resources leave with conflict. Uneven Economic Development: When there are ethnic, religious, or regional disparities, the governed tend to be uneven in their commitment to the social contract. Poverty and Economic Decline: Poverty and economic decline strain the ability of the state to provide for its citizens if they cannot provide for themselves and can create friction between the "haves" and "have-nots" Devolution: transfer of decision-making power from a central government to a lower level Factors include: Physical geography, ethnic separatism, ethnic cleansing, terrorism, economic and social problems, irredentism Race and Ethnicity: Race is tied to biology (i.e. white, black, Asian); ethnicity is tied to a place (American, Hispanic, African American). Nationality: a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country Nationalism: centripetal force-shared attitudes that unify the people. Physical Geography: physical features can cause isolation within a state. People living in cut off regions demand more autonomy. Ethnic Separatism: Ethnic minorities cluster, independence movements may start. O Due to differences in religion, language, or ethnicity Ethnic Cleansing: mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group Genocide: the mass killing of a population by another group in an ttempt to eliminate a group Terrorism: organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets creating fear to further political goals Economic and social problems: arguments over control of resources, geographic divisions Irredentism: when a state wants to annex a territory whose population is ethnically similar to that of the state but is under sovereignty of a different country. Unit 5 Vocab Climates Intensive farming practices The composite or generally prevailing weather conditions of a region, as temperature, air pressure, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, cloudiness, and winds, throughout the year, averaged over a series of years. Farming that requires a lot of labor to produce food Cultural traits: make up a groups culture, invisible and invisible Artifacts are physical cultural objects Mentifacts are the ideas, beliefs, and values of a culture Sociofacts are the ways a culture organizes society Examples from Moana: Artifacts: ships, leaf skirts, rock carvings Mentifacts: Language, storytelling, sailing, demigod Sociofacts: large group expeditions on boats Taboos: behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture. Many cultures have taboos against eating certain foods. This impacts the cultural landscape. Examples: no beef in India, no pork in Jewish or Islamic cultures. Halal (Islamic allowed) Foods: Cow, Veal, Lamb, Sheep, Goat, Turkey, Chicken, Duck, Birds, Bison, Venison, Fish, Seafood Haram (Islamic not allowed) Foods: alcohol, hallucinogenic drugs, pork, monkey, elephant, fox, dog, cat, tiger, snake, bear, frog, eagle, lion, swine, carnivorous amphibians. Kosher (Jewish allowed): beef, lamb, chicken, duck, goose, turkey, fish. NOT pork, rabbit, certain birds, catfish, sturgeon, shellfish, meat and dairy together. Folk Cultures: small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are isolated and resistant to change. Strong connection in beliefs and customs. Origin: Anonymous, sometimes multiple hearths Diffusion: slowly, through migration/relocation diffusion Distribution: spatially isolated, influenced by local factors Architecture Land Use ● ● Clothing ● Materials from the local physical environment Snow, mud, stone, bricks, wood, pelts, grass . Housing Society Agricultural Sense of place: Unique attributes of a specific location-cultural influences and feelings evoked by people in a place ● Dutch wooden shoes Modest black clothes for Jews and Muslims Environmental influences (building materials, climate considerations like sloped roof) Cultural influences (beliefs about shape and orientation of house) Rural and isolated location Homogeonous and indigenous popn Most people speak an indigenous or ethnic local language Social Structure Economic: gross means total Social Gross Domestic Product (GDP) O Total value of officially recorded goods and services by the citizens and corporations within a country's borders in a given year. O Goods + services = GDP Gross National Product (GNP) O Total value of goods and services by the citizens and corporations of a country as well as foreign investments in a given year Domestic + international goods + service=GNP O Gross National Income (GNI) O O Sectoral Sector of the Economy O Formal and informal ■ Formal-regulated and or taxed by the government, typical professions Informal-mostly illegal products that are sold and/or NOT regulated by the government • Drugs, black market goods, babysitting, etc A country with a larger formal economy is one that is generally more developed Average per capita income is higher in developed countries because people typically work in the tertiary sector, which pays more than the other two sectors Income Distribution O Gini Coefficient: measures the distribution of income within a population O Values between 0-1. The higher the #, the higher the income equality O Generally, MDC have LOWER Ginis and LDCs have HIGHER Ginis. Use of Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy o Energy consumption O O O O Hydroelectric is higher in DCs O O IMR Most accurate measure of wealth because it accounts for the impacts of trade GDP + exports - imports-GNI O Fertility Rates O O O ■ MDCS-Highest per capita consumption of energy Demand for use of fossil fuels is increasing in DCs Nuclear energy is increasing in MDCs High in LDCs ■ Niger-7.29 Low in MDCs Spain 1.25 High in LDCs ■ Afghanistan-111 Low in MDCs Japan-2 Access to Healthcare 1. CRITICISMS OF ROSTOW'S MODEL Based on industrialized, capitalist, democratic countries This falsely assumes that all countries value those ideals. Other cultures value kinship and community as more important than wealth or status. 1. 2. SCALE & Uneven Development a. Stages of growth are not uniform across one country. For example, as a whole, India fits in Stage__3_or __4_ however __undeveloped parts of the country would be stage__2_. 3. Linear Progress a. Not all countries will progress through the model in the defined order. Wars, corruption, and natural disasters are examples that could impact the stage of a country. 4. Globalization a. Rostow's model focuses on the development of a single country and does not take into account the fact that all countries are connected in our globalized world. For example, transnational corporations could economically impact countries differently. 5. Equal Potential to Develop a. Does not take into account that there are major differences between countries such as ______ climate,_____-, landforms, access to natural resources, relative location...that could help or hinder development. 6. Sustainability 2.8 a. What did Rostow NOT take into account regarding sustainability? - natural environment, depletion of resources, and level of waste that is generated by massive consumption 7. Legacy of Colonialism a. Rostow did not factor in the assive impact of centuries of colonialism on less developed countries. Most countries that reached the high level of mass consumption did it because they exploited the resources of LDCs Countries that are trying to develop today do not have the option to colonize in order to get ahead. 7.5 THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT - WALLERSTEIN & BRANDT 7.5 Explain different theories of economic and social development. How can we explain spatial variations in development? 1. Wallerstien's World Systems Theory (aka Core-Periphery Model) a. Dependency Theory Monocropping Monoculture Bid-rent theory Commodity chains Carrying capacity Von Thunen's Model Global supply chain Export commodity Global food distribution networks Land cover change Desertification Soil salinization Slash and burn Terraces Deforestation Irrigation Pastoral nomadism GMOs Aquaculture Urban farming the agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land, in the absence of rotation through other crops or growing multiple crops on the same land the deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. A series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution, resulting in a finished commodity that is on the market. Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive, with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less. a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer goods sent from one country to another for sale the concept that our food supply is part of a larger chain that reaches all corners of the world' affected by political systems, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade. local food movements. process by which agricultural areas are lost to development degradation of land because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting soil in an arid climate has been made available for agricultural production using irrigation. The water evaporates quickly off the newly irrigated land, leaving residues of salt lying in the earth. Over time this causes the land to become infertile. farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris a series of steps or flat land for farming on the sides of hills or mountains. Destruction of forests a man-made system whereby water is spread from its natural source (such as a lake or river) over a much larger geographic range to aid in agricultural production a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals (sheep, goats, cows, etc) genetically modified organism: an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial genes. the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants The growing of fruits, herbs, and vegetables and raising animals in towns and cities, a process that is accompanied by many other activities