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and the environment. Areas with larger populations and greater population density have greater political, economic, and social power Political - greater control over laws and larger influence Economic - concentration of jobs, areas make more revenue Social - greater access to health care, better educational opportunities, greater cultural diversity As the population grows and communities expand we start to alter the environment and landscape (remember landscape is what you see when you look around) Carrying Capacity: the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain Overpopulation: when there are not enough resources in an area to support a population 3. Population Composition Learning Target: Describe elements of population composition used by geographers. Age/sex ratio: comparison of the numbers of males and females of different ages Population structure is unique to each area due to its unique history and current condition Learning Target: Explain ways that geographers depict and analyze population composition. Population Pyramid: a graph of the population of an area by age and sex - when a population is growing it takes a pyramid shape 4. Population Dynamics Learning Target Explain factors that account for contemporary and historical trends in population growth and decline. Demography - the study of population Crude Birth Rate (CBR) - the number of live births per one thousand people in the population Crude Death Rate (CDR) - the number of deaths per one thousand people in the population Doubling time - the time it takes a population to double in size Fertility - the number of live births occurring in a population Rapid growth Kenya Male Female 8 6 4 2 Age 80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 0 2 4 6 8 6 Slow growth United States Female Male Percent of population Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 246 Percent of population Year of birth Before 1915 1915-1919 1920-1924 1925-1929 1930-1934 1935-1939 1940-1944 1945-1949 1950-1954 1955-1959 1960-1964 1965-1969 1970-1974 1975-1979 1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 Zero growth/decrease Italy Male Female 20246 Percent of population Infant mortality rate (IMR) - the number of children who don't survive their first year of life per 1000 live births in a country Mortality - the number of deaths occurring in a population Infant Mortality Rate - number of babies that die during the first year per 1,000 live births Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) (also known as NIR)- (birth rate - death rate)/10 - a positive NIR means a population is growing and a negative NIR means a population is shrinking Total fertility rate (TFR) - the average number of children a woman is predicted to have in her childbearing (fecund) years Social factors can affect fertility, mortality, and migration (Role of genders in society, is family planning acceptable, age of marriage and traditional family size values, and if marrying young is culturally expected fertility rate is going to be higher) Cultural factors can affect fertility, mortality, and migration (Religion - Catholic church forbidding birth control, Ethnicity - certain ethnic groups have larger families (ties into religion as well), Seeking health care or using home remedies to cure diseases) ● Governments can play a role (Policy on limiting or encouraging children, Government supports/funds healthcare for society) Economic factors that affect fertility, mortality, and migration (Women in jobs and education = fewer babies) Stage Learning Target: Explain theories of population growth and decline. Demographic Transition Model Birth and death rates (per 1000 people per year) Examples Birth rate Death rate Natural increase 401 30- 20- 10- Reasons for changes in birth rate 0- Reasons for changes in death rate 1 High stationary Death rate Total population A few remote groups High High Stable or slow increase 5. The Demographic Transition Model Disease, famine. Poor medical knowledge so many children die. 2 Early expanding Birth rate Egypt, Kenya, India High Falls rapidly Very rapid increase Many children needed for farming. Many children die at an early age. Religious/social encouragement. No family planning. 3 Late expanding Natural increase Brazil Falling Falls more slowly Increase slows down Improved medical care and diet. Fewer children needed. Improvements in medical care, water supply and sanitation. Fewer children die. 4 Low stationary USA, Japan France, UK Low Low Stable or slow increase 5? Declining? Natural decrease Germany Very low Low Slow decrease Family planning. Good health. Improving status of women. Later marriages. Good health care. Reliable food supply. Epidemiological Model Explains how society has developed and the change in how/why people are dying as we have progressed Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine (High CDR) Infectious diseases are the principal causes of human deaths Stage 2: Receding Pandemics. A pandemic is an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population - a whole country or worldwide --improved sanitation, medicine, and better nutrition Stage 3: Degenerative and Human-created diseases: Characterized by a decrease in infectious diseases (polio, measles) but an increase in Chronic disorders associated with aging. Two especially important chronic disorders are heart disease and cancer Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative: The major degenerative causes of death - are cardiovascular diseases and cancers, but with extended life expectancy. Medicine helps make cancer spread more slowly or stop ▪ Better life choices, diet, exercise, reduce the use of tobacco and alcohol However, there has been recent consumption of non-nutritious foods and less exercise which has resulted in obesity in many areas 6. Malthusian Theory Learning Target: Explain theories of population growth and decline. Malthus Theory: While population increases geometrically, food supply increases arithmetically (population will increase more quickly than food supply) Neo-Malthusian theory: earth's resources can only support a finite population --Pressure on scarce natural resources leads to famine and war --- Advocate for contraceptive and family planning to keep the population low and protect resources and prevent famine and war. 7. Population Policies Learning Target Explain the intent and effects of various population and immigration policies on population size and composition. Antinatalist policies - when a country provides incentives for people to have fewer children (sometimes including punishments) Pronatalist policies - when a country provides incentives for people to have more children Immigration policies - States can set up policies that make it easier or harder for people to immigrate to their territory (quotas and accepting or refusing refugees into the country 8. Women and Demographic Change Learning Target: Explain how the changing role of females has demographic consequences in different parts of the world. Contraception: methods of preventing pregnancy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ravenstein's Laws of Migration The majority of migrants go only a short distance Migration proceeds step by step (Step Migration) Migrants going long distances generally go to large economic centers Each migration stream produces a compensating counter-stream Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas - people who live in urban areas are less likely to migrate Females are more migratory within their area of birth, but males migrate more frequently internationally 7. 8. 9. As infrastructure improves (business, roads, industries) migration increases with it 10. Most migrants are young adults, families rarely migrate out of their country Large towns (Urban areas) grow more as a result of migration than natural increases (Births) 11. The major directions of migration are from the rural (agricultural) to urban (centers of industry and commerce) The major causes of migration are economic (seeking jobs and opportunity 9. Aging Populations Learning Target Explain the causes and consequences of an aging population. Dependency ratio - the ratio of the number of people not in the workforce (dependents) and those who are in the workforce (producers) - useful for understanding the pressure on the producers Life expectancy- the average number of years a person born in a country might expect to live 10. Causes of Migration Learning Target: Explain how different causal factors encourage migration Push Factors force that drives people away from a place (no jobs, slavery, political instability, no water) Pull Factors force that draws people to immigrate to a place. (jobs, to be near family) Intervening opportunity- the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away (Example: Finding a good paying job when migrating looking for economic options) Intervening obstacle - and force of factor that may limit human migration (example: Coming into contact with a border, laws, language, natural feature that does not allow the migrant to continue their migration) 11. Forced and Voluntary Migration Learning Target: Describe types of forced and voluntary migration Asylum seeker. a person seeking residence in a country outside of their own because they are fleeing persecution Chain migration: a series of migrations within a group that begins with one person who through contact with the group, pulls people to migrate to the same area. Step-migration: migration to a faraway place that takes place in stages Forced migration: when people migrate not because they want to but because they have no other choice Guest worker. a legal immigrant who is allowed into the country to work, usually for a relatively short time Internally displaced persons: a person forced to flee their home which remains in their home country Refugee: a person who flees their home country and is not able to return Transhumance: moving herds of animals to the highlands in the summer and into the lowlands in the winter Transnational migration: moving across a border into another country Voluntary migration: people choosing to migrate (not being forced) 12. Effects of Migration Learning Target: Explain historical and contemporary geographic effects of migration Political Impact - Brain drain: when the majority of educated or skilled workers leave an area to pursue better opportunities elsewhere Cultural Impact - loss of culture or migrants bring in new languages Economic Impact - loss or gain of income dependent on the migrant flow