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the land for the colonizers benefit ➤ Primary means of European cultural diffusion since the 1700s Traditions - tea, sports ➤ Religion - Christianity replaces indigenous religions (animism) ► Disease - smallpox, influenza Arabic as Official Language Official (majority) Official minority Co-official (majority Co-official (minority Not official (minority Nation in which Arabic is an official language e Arabicious with more than 50% spears is cordered a majo LANGUAGE DIFFUSION ➤ Widely spoken and widely diffused Languages that have large number of speakers across the world Indicates spread from the hearth due to trade and globalization Languages of colonizers ➤ Portuguese, English, Spanish Widely spoken and not widely diffused Large populations speak the language in or near the hearth Lack of international colonization ➤ Mandarin, Hindi, Arabic ДРЪ ЭСПЕРАНТО. MERIYHAPOIHM языкъ, ПРЕДИСЛОВІЕ Hй VAESHHK 5. por Rusoj Чтобы языкъ быль всенірнынъ, не достаточно назвать его таковыхъ Цъна 15 копьекъ ВАРШАВА. ТИПО-ЛИТОГРАФІЯ Х. КЕЛЬТЕРА, ул. Новолипье № 11. 1887. LANGUAGE CONVERGENCE ➤ Lingua franca ➤ Language shared by speakers of different languages ➤ English is the most common ➤ Globalization has "forced" a common form of communication ➤ Internet, movies, business, news Esperanto - constructed language created with the intent to become a lingua franca ➤ Pidgin language Combined language that borrows rules from both Cocoliche Italian and Spanish in Argentina INTRODUCTION TO CULTURE 39 96 CHASE 56 WILLIAMS 40 LINDSAY 574 PICK BOAL Flicka 489 DAWKINS On JACKSON 90 DEFINITIONS ➤ Culture ➤ Group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects Both visible and invisible Cultural Traits ➤ Individual elements that comprise a culture ➤ Cultural Complex Series of interrelated traits associated with one central trait ➤ Ex: college football 474 CULTURE ORIGINS Hearth ➤ Cultural hearths are the ancient origins of culture ➤ Their influence is still evident in modern culture Ex: Ancient Greece (govt); Ancient Egypt (writing); Mesoamerica (large scale architecture) Diffusion ➤ Means of cultural spread to new places Taboos Behaviors and beliefs that are discouraged ➤ Ex: foods, means of dress, tattoos RECIA TRADITIONAL CULTURE Traditional culture is a catch-all term for any type of long-held culture that has lived through many generations ➤Folk culture ➤ Cultural practices of homogenous, small, and often self-contained people groups ➤ Usually rural ➤ Ex: Hasidic Jews (NYC); Amish (PA) Indigenous culture ➤ Cultural practices of people groups living in their ancestral lands ➤ Often exist due to colonization ➤ Ex: Native Americans language and government UNITED 18 Everton CASTLE UNITE L.F.C. KO CHELSE FOOTBALL CLUB WEST BROMWICH ALBION STOKE CITY THE POTTERS Arsenal DO SWANSEA CITY 5 PTON AFC HULL CITY A.F.C. THE TIGERS WEST HAM UNITED AVFC PREPARED POPULAR CULTURE Globalization Increased integration and connectivity of the world ➤ Economics and communication Popular culture ➤ Cultural traits that dominant/ prevalent at a given time Globalization has increased access and spread (global culture) Examples: Premier League soccer ➤ K-pop ➤ Sushi Coca-Cola Supren no name GUCCP TRADITIONAL VS. POPULAR Traditional culture is often abandoned for popular culture as years progress ➤ Horizontal diversity Culture is unique, people are homogenous Traditional Vertical diversity Culture is similar, people are heterogenous ➤ Popular ➤ Traditional spreads person to person; popular spreads through media ondes Ange CULTURAL ELEMENTS Artifacts ➤ Tangible things that identify the culture ➤ Movies, food, clothing Mentifacts ➤ Intangible concepts that inform culture ➤ Religious beliefs, language Sociofacts Organizational and relational ideas of the culture ➤ Schooling, government, family CULTURAL LANDSCAPES that Co T 2222222 413 San Fa 170 DEFINITIONS ➤ Cultural landscape ➤ Visible reflection of culture in a given area Narrative of culture; expression of regional identity ➤ Can be associated with a person or event ➤ Ex: Sports stadium, Dubai skyscrapers ➤ Built environment ➤ Human-made physical artifacts that provide the setting for human activity ➤ Ex: Roads, fences, houses NTFRIT ARCHITECTURE ➤ Traditional ➤ Reflection of culture's values, history, and relationship to the environment Utility to people is primary; daily use ➤ Emphasizes community ➤ Postmodern ➤ High rises and skyscrapers ➤ Glass and steel ➤ Utility to business ➤ Contemporary ➤ Extension of postmodern ➤ Pushes the limits of architecture ➤ Ex: Disney Concert Hall, One World Trade Center Tam APACE OFB ECT ONE 이상은 산부인과 차민영내과 nhuman 1차만 경내과 꽃게 아구 식득인정 SE Latte 218 98 S SUSHI U T U U Q MICKEY VIDEO ETHNICITY AND GENDER ➤ Ethnic minorities tend to cluster especially in urban areas Ethnic enclaves - neighborhoods or subregions of minority culture Serve the minority culture - stores, language, mode of dress ➤ Provides security and networking Ex: Koreatown in LA ➤ Female opportunity is greater in popular culture Increased access to education, work outside the home, and leadership opportunities TYPES OF DIFFUSION CAS DIFFUSION ➤ Spread of information and culture from hearths to wider area Physical, spiritual, and behavioral aspects can all be diffused Blues music in the US ➤ ➤ Worldwide disease ➤ Rice cultivation Relocation diffusion ➤ Immigrants bring cultural elements to new places Requires movement of people and direct influence of the migrant F G D ६ A B I K N m EXPANSION DIFFUSION Requires new people to adopt a new cultural element Contagious diffusion Trait passes equally from person to person in a "chain" ➤ A to B, B to C, C to D ➤ Disease, religious movements ➤ Hierarchical diffusion ➤ Trait passes from person to person through an established structure ➤ Usually urban, wealthy environments ➤ A to E, E to H, H to M ➤ Fashion trends; iPhones F G D A E B H I K N m เสน่ห์ย้อนยุค สนุกอย่าง เน เรื่องยิ่งใหญ่แห่งปี Hintangião จากบทประพัน die - Taídavélövénku na Mono nemater f fami Weg ducks hdd dd before den de ore dure w MAR drew drih med klin EXPANSION DIFFUSION ➤ Reverse hierarchical diffusion Trait passes between lower class structures first ➤ Culture will trickle up to the urban, wealthy environments ➤ B to C, C to D, D to E ➤ Wal-Mart ➤ Stimulus diffusion ➤ Adoption an underlying idea or process from another culture ➤ Modifies the trait to fit the new culture Western films exported from the US (Australia, Thailand) DIFFUSION OF LANGUAGE WELSH SPANISH SCOTTISH ROMANIAN IRISH DUTCH FLEMISH LOW GERMAN ITALIAN MAN BRITTANIC GAULISH HITTITE PALAIC LYDIAN HIGH GERMAN FRISIAN FRENCH LYCIAN WESTERN GERMANIC LTAN UMBRIAN (PROTO ROTO-CELTIC) ENGLISH (ITALIC) SCANDINAVIAN (NORTHERN GERMANIC) DANISH HSIO3MS INDO-EUROPEAN BRANCHES OF THE LANGUAGE TREE PROTO-GERMANIC) (ANATOLIAN) ICELTO-ITALO-TOCHARIANI CELANDIC NORWEGIA SERBO-CROATIAN BULGARIAN <OLD PRUSSIAN LITHUANIAN min (ARMENO-ARYAN) UNDO-IRANI (BALTO-SLAVO-GERM (BALTIC) -GERMANIC) (PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN) (SOUTHERN SL ERN SLAVIC) BALTO-SLAVIC (ARYANO-GRECO-ARMENIC) (SLAVIC) SLOVENIA a UKRAINIA WHITE RUSSIAN RUSSIAN GREAT RUSSIANN OLD IRANIAN (WESTERN SLAVIC) SANSKRIT GREEK TOCHARIAN Area highlighted POLISH CZECH ΓΚΑΝΤΑΝ PASHTO BALUCH R GUJARATI BENGAL MARATHI PANJABI ARCADIAN AEOLIC IONIC MOTHER TONGUE K LANGUAGE ORGANIZATION ➤ Language Families collection of languages related through a common ancestral language Language Branches collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language ➤ Differences are not as significant or as old as between families. ➤ Language Groups collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past display similar grammar and vocabulary Niger-Congo Afro-Asiatic 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Austronesian 6.4 Sino-Tibetan 21.1 6.0 5.9 3.8 Dravidian Indo-European 45.7 Altaic 2.3 Japanese 2.1 Austro-Asiatic Others 5.0 1.7 LARGEST FAMILIES Indo-European Predominate language family in Europe, South Asia, North America and Latin America ➤ No confirmed origin ~45% of world languages ➤ Romance languages ➤ Sino-Tibetan ➤ Encompasses languages spoken in China and parts of Southeast Asia ➤ Mandarin is the most-used language in the world Official language of both China and Taiwan