Unit 5 Part 2 Outline

Module 37 Introduction to Intelligence

Is Intelligence One General Ability?

• Charles Spearman (1863-1945) believed that general intelligence (AKA g factor) underlies all mental intelligence, discovered by using factor analysis. He found that if you are good at one subject, you are usually good at many others.
• L. L. Thurstone (1887-1955), one of Spearman's early opponents, identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities and believed that intelligence needs to be a measure of all 7 abilities, not just 1 factor

Theories of Multiple Intelligences (Intelligi)

a. Gardner's Multiple Intelligences (Intelligi)

Howard Gardener proposed eight independent intelligences, as well as a possible ninth (existential intelligence). The different intelligences of people with savant syndrome, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and certain kinds of brain damage seem to support his view.

b. Sternberg's Three Intelligences (Intelligi)

Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory includes analytical intelligence for academic problem-solving, and creativity intelligence.

3. Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence is the ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas, as well as practical intelligence for imaginative and innovative problem-solving such as street smarts and common sense required for daily tasks.

Module 38 Assessing Intelligence

1. Early and Modern Tests of Mental Abilities

• Francis Galton believed that genius was inherited.
• Alfred Binet developed questions to measure children's mental age and thus predict progress in the school system.
• Lewis Terman revised Binet's work and believed intelligence is inherited, and he thought his Stanford-Binet could help guide people toward the appropriate opportunities.
• German psychologist William Stern derived the famous term intelligence quotient, or IQ.
• David Wechsler created Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISCI).

2. Principles of Test Construction

• Standardization establishes a basis for meaningful score comparisons by giving a test to a representative sample of future test-takers.
• Validity is formed by the distribution of test scores around the central average score, with fewer and fewer scores at the extremes.
• Reliability is the extent to which a test yields consistent results and measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Dynamics of Intelligence

1. Stability or Change?

• Aging and Intelligence: Raymond B. Cattell developed the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies have shown that fluid intelligence declines with age.

For more detailed information, you can refer to the Unit 5 Part 2 Outline PDF, Unit 5 Part 2 Outline Answer Key, and Unit 5 Part 2 Outline Answers. You can also test your knowledge using the Unit 5 Part 2 AP Psychology Vocab and the Testing and Individual Differences Quizlet.