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v. Board of Education (1954) The Supreme Court struck down the "separate but equal" doctrine of Plessy for public education, ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, and required the desegregation of schools across America. "We believe that it does...We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate Cult but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." --Chief Justice Earl Warren George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James Nabrit, congratulating each other, following Supreme Court decision declaring segregation unconstitutional On September 2, 1957 the night before school was to start, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus I called out the state's National Guard to surround Little Rock Central High School and prevent any black students from entering. Civil Rights Little Rock AR RACE MIXING <-15- CONIST STOP THE RACE MIXING RACE FRIST MIXING Here, Arkansas's Gov. Orval Faubus joined with local white activists to block the nine black students who had been admitted to Little Rock's Central High School. Civil Rights Little Rock, AR 26 107 On September 25, 1957, the nine black students entered the school under the protection of 1,000 members of the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army who were called in by President Eisenhower. Civil Rights Little Back AR A The Little Rock Nine with Daisy Bates, President of the Arkansas Chapter of the NAACP. Civil Rights Greensboro, NC-1960 15 G L On February 1st, 1960, four African American college students from North Carolina A+T College (an all-black college) went to get served in an all-white restaurant at Woolworth's. Civil Rights Greensboro, NC-1960 Civil Rights Greensboro, NC-1960 Greensboro-Turning point of the Civil Rights movement. First time whites partook in protesting. When other whites saw this, they began to ask questions. -Boyle Civil Rights SNCC The Greensboro sit-in sparked a wave of other sit-ins in college towns across the South. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC (pronounced "snick"), was created on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh two months later to coordinate these sit-ins, support their leaders, and publicize their activities. mu Civil Rights-Freedom Riders The Freedom Riders set out to challenge this Southern social norms by riding various forms of public transportation in the South to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation. National Guard troops protect a Trailways bus carrying Freedom Riders on Highway 80 Civil Rights-Freedom Riders The Freedom Rides, and the violent reactions they provoked, bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights Movement and called national attention to the violent disregard for the law that was used to enforce segregation in the southern United States. Civil Rights-James Meredith James H. Meredith was the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi, an event that was a flash point in the American civil rights movement. miss Meredith's goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration. Civil Rights-James Meredith A deal was finally made between the Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Governor Ross Barnett and Meredith was allowed to attend the university. On October 1, 1962, he was allowed to enter after being barred on September 20. gema lhed Civil Rights-March on Washington August 28, 1963 The March on Washington was a success. It had been powerful, yet peaceful and orderly beyond anyone's expectations. It was, according to most historians, the high tide of that phase of the Civil Rights Movement. Civil Rights-March on Washington August 28, 1963 Francis Miller/LIFE The march is widely credited as helping to pass the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the Voting Rights Act (1965). March on Washington FLOOO Civil Rights The Civil Rights Act of 1964 piece of legislation that outlawed unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public. Affirmative Action is an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women. Civil Rights HEY NO CHEATING !!! AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ABOLISH AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Now! OLLAN EURO 2000 I'M A VICTIM OF A HATE CRIME AFTERMATIVE ACTION ALMER EC Affic AUM Civil Rights 7 Content of Character, NOT Opponents argue that affirmative action is a form of reverse discrimination. ODODE TEPPERS Civil Rights-Selma, AL In 1965 the SCLC joined a voting-rights protest march from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery, more than 50 mi away. The goal of the march was to draw national attention to the struggle for black voting rights in the state. Police beat and tear-gassed the marchers just outside of Selma. Civil Rights-Selma, AL The march in Selma created support for the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which President Lyndon Johnson signed into law in August. The act banned the use of literacy tests and other qualification tests that often had been used to prevent blacks from registering to vote. FOX SELMA, AL Civil Rights-Selma, AL FOX NEWS channel WALLACE DEFIANT: "WE WILL NOT NEGOTIATE WITH TERRORISTS" Fo NEGROS ATTACK POLICE, DEMAND SPECIAL RIGHTS Voting Rights Act of 1965 The National Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States. Specifically, Congress intended the Act to outlaw the practice of requiring otherwise qualified voters to pass literacy tests in order to register to vote. Take a test. DeFacto vs. DeJure Segregation Racial separation that is required by law. e.g. Jim Crow Laws Racial separation that occurs "as a matter of fact", e.g., by housing patterns (where one lives) or by school enrollment (where one goes to school). Census Tract County Black or African American White, non Hispanic Dot-200 People 10 Kometers Mies TO Pary Mitical anaes and names are thone defined by the Federal Office of Management and lud boundaries and name area of June 30, 1990 A efferson 1.2000 Wabrorth Fond De Lac Sheboygan Racine Mawaukee 10 11 12 9 8 ION L.C.P. AN > 6 5 WE PROTEST SCHOOL SEGREGATION S. N.A.A.C.P. VE PRO HOOL SEGREGAT 3 4 ROTEST HOOL CREGATION Lou's NAACP WE PROTEST SCHOOL SEGREGATION NAACP SE Don't Trea Our Childre Like PRISONE Civil Rights-Black Uprisings-Watts The The Watts Riots of 1965 were a large-scale riot which lasted 6 days in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, in August 1965. By the time the riot subsided, 34 people had been killed, 2,032 injured, and 3,952 arrested. The riot ostensibly was a reaction to a long record of police brutality by the LAPD and other racial injustices suffered by black Americans in Los Angeles, including job and housing discrimination. Civil Rights-Black Uprisings-Watts corbis OR Get Shot Civil Rights-Black Uprisings-Malcolm X Malcolm X was an advocate for the rights of African Americans. He was a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. While in prison, Malcolm X became a member of the Nation of Islam. After his parole in 1952, he became one of the Nation's leaders and chief spokesmen. Tension between Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad, head of the Nation of Islam, led to Malcolm X's departure from the organization in March 1964. Civil Rights-Black Uprisings-Malcolm X On February 21, 1965, less than a year after he left the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X was assassinated while giving a speech in New York. Video Civil Rights-Black Uprisings-Black Power BLACK ROWER SDS BLACK POWER AN CHA The Black Power movement emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests and advance black values. Civil Rights-Black Uprisings-Black Power 207 15 American sprinters Tommie Smith (1st place) and John Carlos' (3rd place) black power salute. They had used their wins in Mexico City's 1968 Olympic Games to show their opposition to the continued oppression of blacks in the U.S. The backlash was immediate and vicious-Smith and Carlos were expelled from the U.S. Olympic team. Civil Rights-Black Uprisings-Black Panther Party 153 The Lowndes County BLACK PANTHER PARTY www Freedom Organization (LCDO) was established by Stokely Carmichael in Alabama in 1964. This organization later changed its name to the Black Panther Party. In October 1966 Bobby Seale and Huey Newton formed the Black Panther Party (BPP) in Oakland, California. 2 Civil Rights-April 4, 1968 On Thursday, April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. had retreated to room 306 of the Lorraine Motel, CON worrying about a sanitation strike in Memphis and working on his sermon for Sunday. Civil Rights-April 4, 1968 Video At 6:01 p.m. on April 4, 1968, a shot rang out. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who had been standing on the balcony of his room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, TN. Civil Rights Act of 1968 On April 11, 1968 President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (commonly known as the Fair Housing Act), was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions. The 1968 act expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and PASS financing of housing based on EQUAL HOUSING race, religion, national origin. OPPORTUNITY Civil Rights Act of 1968 DELFIN. President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1968.