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● ● The Cold War Europe: -Destroyed and in ruins -Soviets controlled East Europe -After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops. Berlin divided into - East (Communist) - West (Democratic) Divided Germany French British Soviet American Divided Berlin Morilla Org STALIN INSTALLS PUPPET GOVERNMENTS МОЗИЛЛА ПОБЕДИТ! Morilla Shall Wint A EXENA http://mithgolpp.ru/Mozilla In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism and capitalism were incompatible - and another war was inevitable ● Stalin installed "satellite" communist governments in the Eastern European countries of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and East Germany Q. Why is the U.S. so upset at this? A. Stalin promised "free elections" for Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference. He lied... The "Iron Curtain" Iron Curtain - Defined: Divide between communist Soviet Union & Capitalist Europe Churchill Cartoon 4 NO ADMITTANCE EUROPE OF BY ORDER JOE The U.S. Response/Strategy: •Truman Doctrine -US will lead fight against Communism and prevent the spread of it That sounds like a great plan of action! What a genius idea! The U.S. Response/Strategy: • Containment: Q: What would this mean? • A. U.S. will stop Communism from spreading STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP STOP Containment Questions 1. Explain what Stalin's Soviet "sphere of influence" in Eastern Europe meant. 2. In the "Long Telegram," what did Ambassador George F. Kennan suggest the U.S. foreign policy should be with Russia? Why? Answers 1. A buffer zone against future invasions from the Germans. The problem is that these countries are communist, don't have free elections, and go against our values 2. Containment; Soviet Union's insecurity The U.S. Response/Strategy ● Stop the Domino Theory: ● • Definition: If one country became communist, then others would fall to being communist as well. • Domino Theory ● The Marshall plan 1. "European Recovery Program." 2. 3. Secretary of State, George Marshall The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but aga hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. 4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected]. Just like that loser, Mr. Booth, the US will buy its friends Response to Marshall plan EUROPEAN RECOVERY MARSHALL PLAN Can He Block It? III. Cold War: Harry Truman Berlin Airlift (1948-49) •Soviets block access to west Berlin. •Q. Why? West is turning western Berlin Into a profitable city. West Introduces new currency (Deutschmark) Truman orders supplies airlifted. *2.3 million tons of supplies. Every 3 min. 84 Foreign Policy NETHER- LANDS BELGIUM FRANCE ++ Former West Germany Former East Germany POLAND Berlin 1992 MAGELLAN Geographix. Santa Barbara, CA CZECH GERMANY REPUBLIC AUSTRIA Berlin Airlift Questions 1. While the Soviets were plundering supplies from East Berlin and East Germany, what was beginning to occur in W. Germany? 2. How did Stalin react to the above answer? 3. What did the U.S. do in reaction to the above? II. Cold War: Defined NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization Defensive alliance between U.S. and Western Europe (1st time U.S. entered into peacetime military alliance) Warsaw Pact Belgium Nato Spain CWHKMLA 2002 France Norway FRG GDR Italy Sweden CSFR Poland Yugo- slavia Finland Romania Bulgaria USSR Turkey II. Cold War: Defined Warsaw Pact, 1950- Defensive alliance between Soviet Union and Eastern European Countries. Warsaw Pact Belgium Nato Spain UK C WHKMLA 2002 France Norway FRG GDR Italy Sweden CSFR Poland Yugo- slavia Finland Romania Bulgaria USSR Turkey 1. China Chinese Civil War 2. Korea Korean War 3. Vietnam – Vietnam War 4. Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis - - COLD WAR WARS! - 1. Chinese Civil War • When: 1946-1949 • Involved Parties: - 1. Leader of the Communists: Mao Zedong (stronghold in Northwest China. • Improved literacy and improved food production) • Worked to win peasant support (equality) - 2. Leader of the Nationalists: Jiang Jieshi in Mandarin or Chiang Kai-shek (stronghold in southwestern China. 2.5 million man army Who did we support? Nationalists - • Pledged $2B (mil. Equipment/supplies) TIME $6.00 A YEAR THE WEEKLY NEWSMAGAZINE APE 18. 1955 CHIANG KAFSHEK • Who Won? 1. Chinese Civil War Mao Zedong and the Communists and proclaimed China "the People's Republic of China Why? 1. Said he would return land to the Chinese peasants and the economy collapsed 2. Nationalists had a corrupt regime • U.S. President: Harry Truman • Reaction: Increased fears of communist domination. U.S. spent $3 billion in support of Nationalist, Chiang Kai-shek, only to have failed! ● America's Reaction The American public was stunned that China had become Communist Containment had failed! 2. Korea - Korean War 4. Jan. 1951-July 1953 U.S.S.R. CHINA Yalu River NORTH KOREA YELLOW SEA Pyongyang Iron Triangle 38°N Kaesong Panmunjon Inchon Seoult Tagjon Tumen EAST SEA ARMISTICE LINE JULY 27, 1953 FEB. 28, 1951 JAN. 25, 1951 SOUTH KOREA Pusan After halting the CCF advance, the U.N. forces conducted a series of well executed attacks, recovering Seoul. Hostilities eventually ceased along on Armistice line located near the 38th Parallel. Korea - Korean War • Q. How did Korea become a ● divided nation after World War II? ● A. Japan had annexed Korea in 1910. • When WWII ended, Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel surrendered to Soviets (Communist) ● › Japanese troops south of parallel surrender to America (Democracy) Thus North and South Korea 4. Jan. 1951-July 1953 CHINA Yalu River NORTH KOREA Pyongyang Iron Triangle YELLOW SEA 38°N Kaesong Panmunjom Inchon Seoult Taejon U.S.S.R. Tumen EAST SEA ARMISTICE LINE JULY 27, 1953 FEB. 28, 1951 JAN. 25, 1951 SOUTH KOREA Pusan After halting the CCF advance, the U.N. forces conducted a series of well executed attacks, recovering Seoul. Hostilities eventually ceased along on Armistice line located near the 38th Parallel. ● ● Korea - Korean War When: (June, 1950) Communist North Korea invades across the 38th parallel, attacking democratic South Korea. Only 500 American troops at DMZ. Soviets took advantag with a surprise attack! Apply Cold War policy: What should be the main objective in the Korean War? Who was involved?: U.N. troops (made up of 90% Americans) defend South Korea Led by Douglas MacArthur Also, 300,000 Communist Chinese troops come into war on side of North Korea 4. Jan. 1951-July 1953 A. D CHINA NORTH KOREA Yalu River Pyongyang YELLOW Tagjon SEA Tumen U.S.S.R. Iron Triangle 38°N Kaesong Panmunjom Inchonc Seoul. EAST SEA ARMISTICE LINE JULY 27, 1953 FEB. 28, 1951 JAN. 25, 1951 SOUTH KOREA Pusan After halting the CCF advance, the U.N. forces conducted a series of well executed attacks, recovering Seoul. Hostilities eventually ceased along on Armistice line located near the 38th Parallel. 2. Korea - Korean War • Truman was convinced that the North Korea aggressors were repeating what Hitler, Mussolini and the Japanese had done in the 30's. • Truman's policy of containment was being put to the test. • Who won? Stalemate at 38th parallel 54,000 Americans die Billions of Dollars spent 4. Jan. 1951-July 1953 U.S.S.R. CHINA Yalu River NORTH KOREA YELLOW SEA Pyongyang Iron Triangle 38°N Kaesong Panmunjom Inchon Seoul Taejon Tumen EAST SEA ARMISTICE LINE JULY 27, 1953 FEB. 28, 1951 JAN. 25, 1951 SOUTH KOREA Pusan After halting the CCF advance, the U.N. forces conducted a series of well executed attacks, recovering Seoul. Hostilities eventually ceased along on Armistice line located near the 38th Parallel. ● ● 3. Vietnam - The Vietnam War When: 1954-1973 Who was Involved? 1. In the early 1900's, France controlled resource rich Vietnam. Communist leader Ho Chi Minh forced French leaders to surrender in 1954. • U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower described the threat in Asia in terms of the domino theory which would lead to the fall of other Asian countries. LAOS North Vietnam Hanoi. THAILAND Mokong Gulf of Thailand Phnom Penh $250 CAMBODIA Haiphong 1999 The History Place Vinh CHINA Gulf of Tonkin 100 Demilitarized Quang Trị Hue Hainan (CHINA) Da Nang South Vietnam ◆ Saigon 100 Kontum Pleiku Qui Nhon Cam Ranh 200 km South China Sea 200 mi 3. Vietnam - The Vietnam War • Inolved: 2. In South Vietnam, The U.S. and France set up an anti- communist government under the leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem. • U.S. enters when President LBJ said N. Vietnamese (Vietcong) boats attacked 2 American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin LAOS North Vietnam Hanoi. THAILAND Gulf of Thailand Phnom Penh Haiphong CAMBODIA © 1999 The History Place Vinh CHINA Gulf of Tonkin 100 Demilitarized Quang Tri Hue Hainan (CHINA) Da Nang South Vietnam ◆ Saigon 100 Kontum Pleiku Qui Nhon" Cam Ranh 200 km South China Sea 200 mi ● ● ● ● 3. Vietnam - The Vietnam War 4 Presidents were involved: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and LBJ and Richard Nixon. Vietcong used guerilla warfare (hit and run tactics) in the jungle in a strange land, also N. Vietnam had help in terms of supplies from the Soviets and the Chinese Unpopular in the U.S. in the late 60's, Nixon began pulling out American troops in 1969 58,000 Americans lost their lives. Vietnam remains communist today, but like China added Capitalist elements to their country in terms of trade. In 1995, Vietnam and the U.S. normalized relations. ● ● ● The Cuban Missile Crisis In the 50's Cuba was ruled by an unpop. Dictator Fulgencio Batista Overthrown by a young lawyer - Fidel Castro, he improved the economy and brought about social reforms, but suspended elections, executed opponents, and controlled the media. Q. What type of leader does this sound like? When Castro made Cuba communist, he took over U.S. sugar mills. Eisenhower suspended trade with U.S. which crippled their economy. They turned towards the Soviet Union for an alliance. USA Soviet missile site in Cuba Major city US naval blockade of Cuba Salt Lake City Denver Dallas Chicago New York Washington New Orleans Miami Range of long range missiles (2000) miles Approaching Soviet ships Range of short range missiles (1000) miles The Cuban Missile Crisis • In 1961, the CIA began to train anti-Castro exiles in the U.S. ● In April of 61, with the help of the U.S. military they invaded Cuba, landing at the Bay of Pigs. - The U.S. did not provide hoped for air support. This was a secret mission that the public should not hear about. Castro's forces easily defeated the invaders, humiliating the United States ● ● ● The Cuban Missile Crisis April 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev began to built 42 missile sites in Cuba. In October of 1962, a U-2 American spy plane discovered this President Kennedy demanded these missile sites be removed if we removed our missiles in Turkey. For 13 days in 61' we were at a standstill. The world feared nuclear war. Finally, the Soviets removed the missiles from Cuba. When: 1962 Who was involved? Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro MRBM FIELD LAUNCH SITE SAN CRISTOBAL NO 1 14 OCTOBER 1962 ERECTOR LAUNCHER EQUIPMENT ERECTOR LAUNCHER EQUIPMENT & MISSILE TRAILERS TENT AREAS 14433 CONSTRUCTIO COLD WAR: HOMEFRONT **A. Fear of Nuclear War. Americans were urged to build bomb shelters in their own basements. CAPACITY 70 FALLOUT SHELTER IN THIS CORRIDOR School children practice "duck and cover" drills MEN 1. Fall of the Berlin wall/Communism 1989/1991 2. China: The Great Leap Forward Students at Tiananmen Square Part II: 20th Century Events 3. U.S.S.R - - Sputnik Soviet's in Afghanistan Russia: Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost Fall of Berlin Wall and Communism 4. Roots of Arab-Israeli Conflict Palestine Statehood 5. Nelson Mandela and Gandhi Fall of the Berlin Wall/Communism TOR 52 atlost the CITY London Herald LATE PRICES BERLIN WALL TUMBLES "Beginning of the End for Communism SATURDAY 1 NOVEMBER Breaching the Wall GLASHOST 2. China • Red Guards: Teenage militia unit formed by young Chinese people in 1966 in response to Mao's call for a social and cultural revolution. They beat or killed anybody who resisted communism. Purpose is to indoctrinate and conform people and next generation of people. Cultural Revolution: A 1966 uprising in China led by the Red Guards, with the goal of establishing a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal. The purpose was to put down resistance to communism. ● 2. China The Great Leap Forward (GLF): 1958. Called for collective farms, or communes Peasants worked land together, ate in communal dining rooms, slept in dorms, raised children in communal nurseries. - Owned nothing No incentive to work hard when only the state profited from their labor GLF was a giant leap backward. Crop failures caused a famine that killed 20 million Stories of people eating each other 1F (7 35 coll. HSH Massacre in Tiananmen Square Mao died in 1976 New leader named Deng Xiaoping (Show-ping) Supported modernization, westernization, and private businesses Incomes increased, youth wore stylish clothes, listened to American music, people buying appliances and TV's and new hotels opened. Students demand democracy In 1989, students sparked a popular uprising that stunned China's leaders. 100,000 students occupied Tiananmen Square, a huge public space in Beijing. It was a protest for democracy TANK MAN No one knows what happened to him or who he was - defining picture of history 64memo.com ● Tank Man Instead of considering political reform, Deng ordered 100,000 troops to surround Beijing Many protestors left, 5,000 stayed Started hunger protest and displayed a 33 foot statue named the goddess of democracy (Paper Mache/foam - 4 days) June 4, 1989, tanks smashed through barricades and smashed the goddess of democracy. Soldiers sprayed gunfire into the crowds of students and it killed hundreds and wounded thousands. TANK MAN ! No one knows what happened to him or who he was defining picture of history 64memo.com Soviet Union: 1. Sputnik 2. Soviets in Afghanistan. 3. Gorbachev's Perestroika and Glasnost 1. 2. 3. Soviet Union: Sputnik: First ever satellite launched into space by a Soviet rocket. It circled the earth every 96 minutes (Information on space/spying) Soviets in Afghanistan: Turned communist after WWII by Soviets. In late 70's, a Muslim revolt threatened to topple Afghanistan's communist regime. This revolt led to a Soviet invasion in 1979. The Afghan rebels called the Mujahedeen fought the Soviets hard with American weapons. The Soviets withdrew in 1989. This war had striking resemblance to the Americans fighting a war in Vietnam. President Gorbachev's Perestroika and Glasnost: Perestroika: A restructuring of the Soviet economy to permit more local decision making in 1985. Glasnost: Soviet policy of openness to the free flow of ideas and information, introduced by Gorbachev. These encouraged economic growth and political freedom! ● ● Roots of Arab-Israeli Conflict After WWII, Jewish people of Europe hoped for their own country along the coast of the Mediterranean or the roots of their biblical heritage in the Middle East. Jews were forced out of Palestine in the second century. Jews began to move to Palestine in the early 1920's who favored their own country in Palestine. Palestine was controlled by the British after WWI and promoted the idea of making a Jewish state within Palestine called the Balfour Declaration. However, Palestinians did not like this idea. After WWII, the United Nations voted to create Israel in 1948. Jerusalem was to be an international city owned by neither side. The terms of the partition gave the Jews 55% of the area even though they made up only 34% of the population. All Islamic countries voted against the partition because it was their land and they were the majority population in Palestine. After WWII many Europeans and Americans felt sympathy for Jews. A war broke between Israel and 6 Arab nations a day after independence in 1948 (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Wars also broke out in 1956, 1967, and 1973 and Israel won all 4 wars. ● ● Roots of Arab-Israeli Conflict As a result of the wars, the UN set aside land for Arabs for a Palestinian state, but it has not happened to this day which is known as a possible two-state solution. The result is an area where Arabs and Jews live by each other in segregated areas and hate each other. Mediterranean Sea Lebanon Tel Aviv Palestine — Jerusalem. Gaza Strip Egypt Golan Heights West Bank Dead Sea Israel Syria Jordan ● ● ● ● ● Apartheid and Nelson Mandela In South Africa, racial conflict was the result of colonial rule by the Dutch and British and was racially divided. A small white minority ruled a large black majority It became an independent member of Britain and gave whites power and denied blacks the majority of its rights. In 1948, the National Party Afrikaner promoted Dutch South African nationalism (white). It instituted a policy of apartheid, or complete separation of the races in regards to schools, hospitals, neighborhoods, etc. One group called the African National Congress protested and organized strikes and boycotts. Their leader, Nelson Mandela was jailed in 1963. He was released from prison in 1990 (27 y.) Ran for president in first free election in 1994 and racial discrimination finally ended.