In the 1790s, France and Great Britain fought a war and attempted to involve the U.S. The expansion of the United States into Native American land in the Northwest Territory caused conflicts. The British angered the United States by imposing a blockade on navy ports and seizing American ships. They also practiced impressment - kidnapping and forcing people to work for the British navy. The Chesapeake Incident further escalated tensions, resulting in the death and injury of American sailors.

The Embargo Act of 1807

To address these issues, President Jefferson convinced Congress to pass an embargo, banning the import and export of products. However, the act had a negative impact on the U.S. economy, causing a decline in trade and affecting merchants and manufacturers.

Tension with Native Americans

As white settlers moved west, tensions with Native Americans increased. The Shawnee leader Tecumseh attempted to prevent white settlements by creating an Indian confederacy. William Henry Harrison's treaty with Native American leaders caused further tensions, leading the Natives to seek the British's support.

War Hawks

A group of young congressmen called War Hawks called for war against Great Britain and Native Americans. They were angered by British support for the Natives and impressment. However, New England merchants opposed the War Hawks, fearing the impact of war on the economy.

Phases of the War of 1812

The war had two phases. Phase 1 (1812-1814) involved the U.S. attempting to invade Canada, which was largely unsuccessful. Phase 2 (1814) saw British invasions and the burning of Washington D.C.

The End of War

The Treaty of Ghent restored the relationship before the war and addressed land claims in the Northwest Territory. The U.S. and British agreed to stop fighting with Native Americans, enforce laws against the slave trade, and limit the number of warships on the Great Lakes. The Battle of New Orleans, the last major battle, resulted in a victory for the U.S.

Impact of the War

The War of 1812 was ultimately considered a draw, as neither side could claim victory. No territory changed hands, and the U.S. accepted Canada as British territory. The Natives were forced to surrender their land to the Americans after the British abandoned them.

In conclusion, the War of 1812 had significant effects on the U.S., its economy, and its relationships with other countries. It was a pivotal moment in American history, shaping the nation's future and its interactions on the global stage.