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canal from Ottomans - British tossed out agreements w/ African leaders in favor of ↑ colonies w/ force colonial holdings in Sierra Leone, Gambia, Lagos, and Gold Coast French - West Africa, similar to British X Ottomans in Algena in 1830, + settler colony settler colony-people from imperial country live in colony + French, Spanish, Italian settlers Scramble for Africa: -fight over land - Otto van Bismarck, Germany -Berlin Conference in 1884. -drew colonial boundaries → divided Africans + combined rival groups. -Belgium -King Leopold 11 →pushinto Congo + claimed as sole owner + wealth. -+ forced labor → extract ivory + rubber -8 million died under policies -1908 - Belgian state took over anta sera O SE Asia British in India - British East India Company more. territory from Mughal Empire - own troops + Indian solders (sepoys) Chingonomic imperialism by Euro powers. instability b/c of natural disasters + internal rebellion -western Powers move in to stabilize flex military might+ demand trading rights sen -carved up Ching into spheres of influence -Qing in power but west had exclusive trade rights in spheres Japan - became a colonizer. Meiji Restoration → want for raw materials → imperial expansion in Korea, holdings in SEA + Pacific Islands, Parts of China Dutch + power in SEA -Dutch East India Company + dominance in some places -eventually failed b/c corruption -Dutch gov. steps in + took colonial holdings Australia + New Zealand - British colonized - Australia - Penal colony (where Britam sentits convicts) -1820's, colonized continent - Australia climate well suited for production of wool + copper 3 gold found below surface → new colonists -New Zealand-set Her whony -air inhabited by Maon people - British create seperate colony for Maon > enroached on Maon land war (New Zealand wars) → British won resentment towards colonizers manifest Destiny United States 11expansion westward Native resistance → lost in conflict →1830 Indian Removal Act → Systematic removal of Native Americans from east onto reservations in midwest → Trail of tears, abuse + death -Euro settlers believed Providence gave them right to land +1 expansion overseas in 19th century Spanish-American War of 1898 Americans declare War on Spain → won territory (Guam, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba) Russia Cathenne Il expanded empire won 1/2 Poland from Ottomans → Alexander I annexed Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Finland, + Armenia, later large portion of Manchuria from China Topic 6 Unit 3 Push by imperial nations → ↑indigenous nationalism → resistance against takeover. US Britisht French 7 years war → Proclamationo 1763 British ↑ territory from French, reserved lands in Ohio River Valley for Natives → Americans push west anyway American Independence. - Cherokee deal w/ British + American -↑assimilation - + constitutional gov + adopt American anta sera > se cultural customs. →>>> gold discovered Indian Removal Act of 1830→ Sent Cherokee + others to Oklahoma territories resistance movement in 2nd half of 18th cent the Ghost Dance - Natives in NW believed in prophecy that announced ancestral dead would get rid of the white man in their landsenganged in Ghost Dance, set of ritualistic dancest songs adopted by many → conflict @ Wounded Knee in 1890-Sioux crushed by Americans →→X Indian Wars in America Peru Cacique/hereditary leader-Tupac Amarull led armed rebellion against Spanish - fed up w/ Spain-arrested colonial leader + charged him w/ cruelty → Spanish fight back → Peruvian rebellion → Amaru captured + executed Mexico Benito Juarez-in power, Zapotec, X foreign influence - conservatives in gov. resented his liberalism + saw French encroachment as way to get rid of Juarez overthrow Juarez gov, w/ Euro powers 3 yrs of armed resistance by Mexicans → French X Australia British gov told settlers to be kind to abon ginal people, didn't happen → X voice in Brit, court rise up in defense crushed by Brit, military Africa + colonial gov. nn by Euro. ☆South Africa, native Xhosa People refuse to be ruled by Euro, fight for 40 yrs in 19th cent. → Xhosa cattle began dying ↑ → infected w/ disease from Euro cattle > kill oun cattle> Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement, 400k cattle dead famine + death West Africa Sokoto Caliphate est. in 1804 as purification by Muslim Hausa tribes. -teconomy MY by means of slave trade Sokoto Caliphate designated as British in Berlin Conference → 1903 - despite resistance, Caliphate made a protectorate +1868, chieftan Samory Toure est, Wassoulou Empire in West Africa French came resistance in Samory Toure's War French Victory East Africa Sudan-Islamic cleric Muhammad Ahmad gathered army to resist British 1880s → defeated them in Mahdist Revolt movement X after Ahmad death - British victory against Mahdists in 1896. Balkans Fruled by Ottomans, power declining Presentment in Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, t others anta sera o se agriculture принш прил ^nationalism → rose up against Ottomans > gained independence Topic 4 -needed ↑ raw materials for factories + food A - Agriculture before Euro, most Africans engaged in Subsistence farming (grew enough to live on) → after Euro, + cash cropped crop farming cash crop-crop for sale in distant market! - 1 coffee, ↑rubber, sugar → export to colonial powers ↑ middle class want ↑ beef, other meat → colonial holdings like Argentina + Uruguay raising ↑ cows for export new refrigeration tech made sure meat was inspoiled ↑ demand for fertilizer, guano (bat + seabird poop) ↑ in Peru + Chile part of Peru + Chile export economy Cotton-Indust. Rev. 80% of cotton for Brit. textiles was imported from America - American Civil War →cotton exports V - British go to Egypt. > late 1800s, 90+% of all of Egypt's exports were cotton Rubber - used for tires, shoe soles, and hoses, and gaskets for machines -↑rubber trees in the Amazon Rainforest → colonial powers forced natives to work @ rubber extraction Palm oil - west africa #food crop, lubricant for Prav som ma factory machines industrial powers turn it into cash cropused slave labor to produce Diamonds - 1871, diamond rush in South Africa Cecil Rhodes, Englishman, formed De Beers Mining Company South Africa exporting 90% of words diamonds by 1890 Rhodes elected to S. A parliament → became PM of Cape Colony → + racist policies laid foundation for apartheid/racial segregation consequence #1: ↑ interconnected global economy need raw mats import from colonies → turn into manufactured goods sold back to colonies. -Urban Pop.s ↑→ not enough food grown domestically → import foodstuffs from colonies w/ refrigeration Consequence #2: colonial economies -shift → cash crop farming at expense of other agricultural necessities - colonial economies dependent on single agricultural export → smth goes wrong>big trouble financially ex, cotton depletes nutrients in soil → only so long they can plant crop > crop fail, economy fail → 7 Topic 5 Economic Impenalism-one country has ewn. Power over other country Asia Latin America India started w/ British East India Company - early 1600s Britain not content w/spice trade boom ^^ political dom. over India econ. majority export econ made up of cotton b/c Brit. needed cotton for machines China Brit wanted Chinese products →import goods ↑ British interest > Ching interest = trade imbalance - silver stores way too low for Brit, → Brit. East India farmers forced to make opium Cheroin's grandma) →Brit. Smuggle opium into China + sell Chinese people addicted → ↑ opium sold. 1729 - Chinese emperor makes selling Opium illegal -little effect · after a cent, ppl became tired and rose up against British Opium Wars 1839 - main goal = get rid of Brit. → Brit have better military b/c indust rev→ won by Brit econ, takeover of China by Brit via forcing China to open ↑ ports to Britain + free trade agreement which included opium cautionary tale for the rest of the world-non-industrialized nations will be crushed 1800s-nations want to take advantage of free trade agreement → came to agreement to slice up China into spheres of influence made up of -Japan France -Russia - United States Latin America Second 2 of 19th cent - ↑↑↑ imperial interest by U.S. Britain, Spain, raw mat, + low wage workers. + markets for goods. United States -1823-Monroe Doctrine - Pres. Monroe said that lion's share of west hemisphere belongs to V.S. X Euro intervention ^^ Power b/c 2nd indust. Rev → Cent. America + Caribbean suffer Tindust in Mexico + Cuba +etc... railroads + dev. of indust, like meat packing, guano extraction, 3 minin g b/c they want trading partners. Britain ↑ money investments into Argenting breeding livestock, farming, 3 railroads thelped finance building of Port of Buenos Aires b/c they wanted to facilitate import + export of raw mats + manufactured goods Spain Chile-economic impenalism by spain -colonial holding of Spam Chile econ. dependent on agricult. exports to Spain → copper discovered part of Chile export econ → copper = 1/3 of Chile exports Topic 6 Fecon, + env. realities caused patterns of migration. from 1750-1900 - 1 globalized econ, b/c of econ. imperialism + new transport (steamships + railroads) →↑ migration 3 causes 11) migration b/c labor systems challenges 3) migration to settler colonies -indust factories need ↑raw mats → 1'demand for labor in cash crop plantations, mostly through slavery ↑ growing movement for abolition of slavery demand for mats stay the same → where are they going to find low-wage workers. to replace slave labor migration for work. Indians → Brit. colonies Chinese California + British Malaya -prisoners under fed & forced into hard labor *not all voluntary-some forced int swats! labor Japanese → Hawaii, Peru, Cuba to work in sugar plantations indentured servants - agreement allowed work for a couple years to pay for passage to new land. → completed indenture free to do as they pleased Fworked @ new home + sent money to families some stayed in new countries influence culture of receiving country ex. Indians migrate to Fiji, Trinidad, & Mauritius →Indian cultural influence food + language contract labor 1806-Brit. abolish slave trade → bring in Chinese +Indian low-wage workers → did work of former enslaved people sugarcane fields in Caribbean by 1877 most countries that benefit from Chinese + Indian labor pass laws to improve treatment. penal colony - 1700s - Australia est. as penal colony. - convict sent to do hard labor build railroads, kept records for gov. oversight ·sentence complete returned to parent country France est. penal colony on Devil's Island in French Guiana - prisoners under fed & forced into hard labor not all voluntary-some forced into signing bad ·contracts another form of werced labor challenges settler Diaspora - scattered Pop, whose origin lies in diff geographic location. ex, Chinese diaspora in west U.S. India 1 poverty → mass migrations → British indentured servitude in Mauritius → other colonial powers offer Similar deals -most sign 5-yr agreements China ↑ Poverty + famine migration indentured servitude → M went to U.S→ completion of Trans-Continental Railroad Ireland Political reasons: 1801- became part of U.K. → U.K abolished Irish parliament. British Anglican Irish Roman Catholics exp discrimination → migration 1845-potato famine - blight destroyed cheif source of food for lower classes 1845-1849 millions of Irish left U.S. factories +low wage jobs discrimination against Catholics in U.S settler colony-est. so people go + live there Tex. Brit. in Canada + South Africa+ Aus, French in Algena tech. experts, engineers + geologists In SEA com home! 2 s colonial powers wanted to extend indust. + west tech into territories → migration. ↑ British engineers in SA, → planned railroads + roads, mapping land + identify locations for Araw mats. Japanese settle in Mexico Cattempted colonization. unsuccessful) + Hawaii + West U.S. Topic 7 effects of migration home society + recieving society. men leave homes to work → effect on gender roles @home no replacement man in some cases > womens role in society ↑ - some men waited for male fam, member to come in → minimal effect on gender roles. - men completed work → fam.either joined them, gender roles stay the same but women have a voice in family or nothing changed at all if fam. had replacement. general effects brought cultures, ppl of same Tcultures formed ethnic enclaves → influence & food, language, religion. Chinese enclaves - 1 diaspora spread culture Fin SEAS +, some held gov. jobs in Dutch East Indies -Indo China - engaged in commerce w/ encouragement from French gov Malaya - ran opium farms + distributed opium Americas- Cali. gold rush, worked mining gold →labor for railroads -Peru + Cuba - indentured servants on sugar Plantations + railroads + mining for guano (poop) Indian enclaves-Brit, indentured servitude Africa Mauritius coastal Southern province. of Natal Mauritius-sugar plantations Natal-railroads - many were Hindus → brought religious horms like caste system (abandoned later b/c it didn't matter outside Hindu dom. culture) kept faithalive via home shrines to gods. -SEA: source of labor for 100 years starting from 1830s indentured servants → kangani kangani- sent whole families to work on plantations in Malaya, Ceylon, 3 Burma, given ↑ freedom than men in indentured servitude Caribbean Islands-pop Tarish enclaves - settled in Urban areas → low wage factory work & public works like canal building low cost housing/tenements - subjects of strong anti-immigrant sentiment from Nativists Chated Catholics) -assimilated to American culture music + dance 1 voice in improvement of labor conditions via | labor mions + spread of Catholocism Italian enclaves discrimination -many went to V.S. -↑ migration → Argentina → encouragement for Euro immigration by constitution + guarantee of civil rights → influence of Italian on Argentine Spanish, Italian as second language in Buenos Aires responses-most countries love/hate immigrants Creally hate immigrants) immigrants work for lower wages than native People jobs went to immigrants →X most natives got upset anti-immigrant V.S - Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882- 1st time congress passed law that banned Timmigration of certain ppl group/nationality - Chinese discrimination in Australia 1-↑ migrants in AVS b/c of 1850s gold rush → British gov took similar measures to slow flow of Chinese immigration via Chinese Immigration /late 1800s - pop V, concentrated in urban centers so Act of 1855-set avotos on # of Chinese immigrants more visible 1901-British Parliament passed more laws banning anyone from immigrating who wasn't British (White Australia Policy)