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of new nation-states around the world -Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of systems of government and various ideologies, including democracy and 19th-century liberalism. -Colonial subjects in the Americas led a series of rebellions inspired by democratic ideals. The American Revolution, and its successful establishment of a republic, the United States of America, was a model and inspiration for a number of the revolutions that followed. The American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements facilitated the emergence of independent states in the Americas. -The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents including the American Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution, the French "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" during the French Revolution, and Bolivar's" Letter from Jamaica" on the eve of the Latin American revolutions-influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals. -Newly imagined national communities often linked this new national identity with borders of the state, and i some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions. 5.3 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS KEY CONCEPTS: Unit 5.0 Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900. -A variety of factors contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually resulted in the Industrial Revolution, including: -Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals -Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber -Urbanization -Improved agricultural productivity -Legal protection of private property -Access to foreign resources -Accumulation of capital -The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor. 5.4 INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS KEY CONCEPTS Unit 5.E. Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time. -The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions' share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions' share in global manufacturing declined. -As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan. - The Enlightenment intellectual movement that advocated use of reason to reconsider accepted ideas social institutions applied human reason to natural laws - empiricism (Francis Bacon)→ reality is discerned then the senses before, truth was realized thru revelation (Bible) •John Locke argued against divine right ppl born w/ natural rights (life, liberty, property) social contract ppl willingly give up some natural rights to gov in return of gor protecting their natural rights. ・if gor is bad,ppt nove right to overthrow - enlightenment ideas revolution nationalism -Adam Smith-Wealth of Nations · Critiqued mercantilist econ of Euro ·laissez-faire economics - Capitalism Deism God exists but docent intervene wi/ history Conservatives rejected new enlightenment ideas ·Women found a voice ·Mary Wollsten craft argued for women edu. + that, with the right oppurtunities, could be as successful as men -Seneca Falls Convention rallied for women's rights/suffrage -women should be less dependent on their husbands -Elizabeth Cody Stanton - Lucrietta Mott -Abolishionist movement ↑civil wor -Russian serf emancipation ·Social Contract ideas unrest/revolution -American Revolution ·colonies grew independent of Brit. + unhappy w/ representation Declaration Independence enlightenment ideas Gained independence w/ help of France + influenced (others -French Revolution econ from war spending meeting of Estates-General was called. -royalty, nobility, and peasants (-98%) all had votes peasants broke off formed National Assembly -Low's threatened to arrest leaders crowd stormed Bastille -peasants over France rose up revolted Louis had to accept new gov. sys. that gave ↑ power to ppl Declaration of Rights Man Citizen enlightenment ideas Reign of Terror → Louis unhappy → beheaded -Haitian Revolution ·French colony w) enslaved Africans slaves rebelled + Killed englovers -slaves won est. independent Haitian gov New Zealand Wars Brit dom native Maori tribes ·Maori united rose against Brits, unsuccessful -Latin America -Credes (Euro born in America) treated unfairly by Spanish Simon Bolivar led revolution + gained Gran Columbia ·Letter from Jamaica + enlightmment theory -all share sense of nationalism -Italian unification Italy broken into states Count cavor, prime minister of a state, unified Italy under House of Savoy -German unification Otto von Bismarck united Germany in 3 wars -united into nation after -Industrial Revolution began in England be proximity to water easy inexpensive trade raw materials coal energy, iron productive agri crop renation, seed drill urbanization food, ↑ pop, less need for farmers protection of property & more willing to take risks. · foreign resources global empire, colonies materials accumulation of capital result of sove trade, investment ·factory system Amass production -Rienord Arkwright + water wheel -James Hargreaves →→spinning jenny -together, super fast textile machine -Eli Whitney interchangeable parts ·less reliance on skilled laborers -Industrial Revolution spread out of Britain -United States -immigrants settled in urban areas →→ unskilled factory workers -still, lots of nostility towards immigrants -Russia Trans-Siberian Railroad → Moscow Pacific Ocean -↑ trade to East (China) ·4th largest steel producer in world -Japan less & inspired by west, more defensive realized industrializing & power, but wanted to protect culture ·selectively borrowed from W to protect themselves from W powers coming and sabatoging traditions -Middle East Asia continued to produce manufactured goods, but w/o industrializing India +86 Ava ↑ oppressive Brit rule, & shipbuilding (Brit novy took over 10) -Iron works in India & be Brit tariffsuprise 5.5: TECHNOLOGY OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE KEY CONCEPTS Unit 5.F Explain how technology shaped economic production over time, -The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to take advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies -The "second industrial revolution" led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century. -Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration. 5.6 INDUSTRIALIZATION: GOVERMENTS KEY CONCEPTS Unit 5.G Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires. -As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization. -The expansion of U.S. and European influence in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that supported industrialization and led to the growing regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era. Unit 5.H Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900. ROLE -Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies, partly in response to the growing acceptance of Adam Smith's theories of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets. -The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses that relied on new practices in banking and finance. -The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. 5.8: REACTIONS TO THE INDUSTRIAL ECON. KEY CONCEPTS Unit 5.1 Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900. -In response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms -In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves, often in labor unions, to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Workers movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society. -Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including those espoused by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism and communism. 5.7: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS + INNOVATIONS KEY CONCEPTS -In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups. 5.9: SOCIETY+THE INDUSTRIAL AGE KEY CONCEPTS 153 Expainhow industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living. - 1st Industrial Revolution tech Steam, iron, textiles •Steam engine (James Watt) -burn coal → heart worter →Steam → push piston +turn wheel -could build factory anywhere (not just by water) steamships didnt need wind, could go both ways on rivers ·trade ↑ -locomotives (troins) +↑ trade + migration -2nd Industrial Revolution (US, Brit, Germ) ·steeligas, communication ↑ of mass production of steel (stronger than iron) -Bessemer Process hot iron + air no impurities-stee) gas -oil wells refined + Kerosone gasoline -internal combustion engine -communication -telegraph (Samuel Morris) → sent pulses in bursts that were -telephone (Alex Graham Bell)→sent voices consequences: ↑ trade ·migration easier ↑ -New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed.▬▬▬▬ -While women and often children in working class families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families income, middle-class women who did not have the same economic demands to satisfy were increasingly limited to roles in the household or roles focused on child development. -The rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism at times led to a variety of challenges, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth. - Ottoman Empire/"sick man of Europe" pressures from neighboring empires •power + wealth & as they failed to industrialize ·Muhammed Ali brought Egypt into industrial age -oversaw the building of factories ·State-sponsored industrialization -Japan was closed off to protect culture from west ·W powers pressured to open to trade -US navy entered Jap harbors + Matthew Perry asked Japan to open trode w/ US, Jap said no -threatened w/ guns, Jap opened borders ·meiji restoration → selective industrialization to protect culture -built roads/railroocks "abolished feudalism est constitutional monarchy -↑ tores state-sponsored industrialization IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE abandoned mercantium for laissez faire capitalism - rise of corporations ·limited kability → can only lose what you originally put in (1) multi-national corporations -Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corp. est. by Brit -Brited trade in Chinanced a bank -Unilever Corp est. by Brit + Dutch produce household items (soap) -became massively wealting be global scale -social change standards of living ↑ + more disposable $ more consumerision advertising industry ·leizure culture (pube) bikes, baseball, horseracing - resistance to industrialization workers ·bod conditions, poor cafety, bad wages tenemant living packed, disease ridden ·labor unionsorg. collective of workers who used their combined voice to bargain for reform -5 day work week, minimum wage, limits on hours -pushed for social change: francise (right to vote) successful "child labor fought against by laber unions edu. laws for children -resistance to industrialization intellectuals free-market multi-nat corp. John Stuart Mill said capitalisen was selfish +harmful -utilitarianism every action should be done in interest of where Karl Marx -Societal division: Bourgeoise (owners), proletariat (workers) -capitalism trampled working class -Communist Manifesto people own production-Share wealth ·Scientific Socialism Communism (no classen) -Ottoman Empire Mahmud industrialized Tanzimat updated legal sys of equality under law schools resistance to industrialization -Abdul Hamid frarnd Young Turks (radical reformers) YT wanted to replace monarchy exiled YT ·Armenians wanted reform Armenian gmocide -China (Qing Dynasty) •Self-Strengtrening Movement period of selective modernization -guns ships only -failed -Jap defeated China in Sino-Jap War reed for reform ·100 Days of Reform abolished civil service exam, est. industrial resistance to reforms: Empress Dowager Cixi ·China eventually accepted W help to modernize in exchange for exclusive trading rights in Chinc -changing cities urbanization →↑city pop - now infostructure -tenament compact, unsanitary (cholera from unclean water) ↑ standard of living for middle class - more 3, more consumerism, more edu. - white collar workers - Changing families families working apart in factories ·middle class women stayed home to take care of kids -↑ Cult of Domesticity+women help by staying home + Carim for family (prep Kids for future, make home comfy for hudby) -revstance: Seneca Falls Convention (feminism) -changing environment smog + smoke / fog + respiratory problems pollution