Ancient Greece's geography played a crucial role in shaping its society and culture, despite occupying a small area compared to other civilizations. The mountainous peninsula, about the size of Louisiana, along with the sea, heavily influenced Greek society. Development around the sea led to the creation of isolated, small independent communities, fostering high political participation but also causing rivalries and devastating wars in Greek society.
The First Civilizations in Greece
Two prominent ancient civilizations influenced Greek history. The Minoans, who were seafarers, established colonies around the Mediterranean, and the Mycenaeans settled on the island of Crete, featuring a robust trading empire. Both civilizations faced natural disasters and invasions, leading to their decline and eventual disappearance.
The Polis: Center of Greek Life
Around 750 B.C.E., the Polis, a large fortified hill known as the Acropolis, became the cornerstone of Greek society. It served as a meeting place for political, social, and religious activities, with the most famous being the Acropolis of Athens. The Polis had three categories of residents: political citizens (adult males), non-political citizens (women and children), and non-citizens (slaves and foreigners).
Alongside the Polis, the development of Hoplites, heavily armored soldiers in the infantry, and the Phalanx, a wall of shields, led to the expansion of Greek militaries.
Greek Colonies
Between 750 and 550 B.C.E., Greeks began settling in distant lands, establishing city-states, and spreading their culture along the Mediterranean. These colonies sought good farmland and trade, leading to the expansion of trade and the creation of new wealthy elites in the city-states.
Life in Classical Athens
Athens, known as the birthplace of democracy, united as a polis on the Attica Peninsula, practicing direct democracy where political citizens voted on all important matters. The city had the largest population of adult males with political power, alongside foreigners, and slaves who worked in farming and trade.
Sparta, known for its militaristic lifestyle, also held significant influence in ancient Greece. The Spartans' militaristic society and physical prowess made them a force to be reckoned with. However, Athens and its democracy ultimately emerged as the dominant force in ancient Greece.
