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No gods or castes To China, Japan, Korea, & Southeast Asia O Universal Religion O Branches Confucianism & Daoism: Traditional Chinese Philosophies Confucius' Analects Theravada ■ Mahayana ■ Tibetan O Political & social harmony Filial piety (respect for ancestors and elders) ■ 5 great relationships Han Dynasty I Laozi's Daodejing ■ Mandate of Heaven Exam System O Withdrawal into nature O Dao = "The Way" Simplicity Nonaction O Complements Confucianism Yin & Yang Judaism: The first Abrahamic religion of the Middle East ● Jewish Beliefs ■ O Monotheistic (Zoroastrianism) O Holy texts: Torah, Talmud O Rules & Obedience Ten Commandments ■ Leviticus ● History of God's "chosen people" O Jewish diaspora Christianity: Messianic religion branched off of Judaism Jesus of Nazareth O Compassionate & rebellious O Teacher - Divine "Son of God" ● ● ● Spread by Saint Paul Roman Emperors O Constantine O Theodosius Christianity Spreads O Universal religion O O ● O ● Umma Roman Empire - Europe Islam Spreads Islam: Arabic religion that drew from Judaism & Christianity ■ Roman Influence To India, China, & Ethiopia (Axum) ■ Patriarchy & hierarchy Great Schism Muhammed O Mecca O Prophet Holy Text: Quran Caliphates ■ Eastern Orthodox Church Five Pillars of Islam Split between Sunni & Shia O Military conquest O O Jizya tax Ulama scholars Sufi mystics ● Merchants on trade routes. East & Southeast Asia: 1200-1450 ● Song Dynasty O Dynastic system ■ Shang > Zhou > Qin > Han> Sui > Tang > Song Neo-Confucianism ■ Restrictions on women ■ Foot-binding ● ● O Bureaucracy based on exam system China's Golden Age O Wealthy from exports (silk, porcelain) Population Increase (Almost doubled) ■ Champa Rice (new breed of rice from Vietnam) Urbanization O O Technological Innovations Cultural Influence O O O O Tribute states borrowed from Chinese culture O ■ ■ Korea: ■ ■ ■ ■ Japan ● Southeast Asia Printing, Navigation, Gunpowder Grand Canal ■ Vietnam ■ ■ Caliphates O Korea: maintained political independence despite attempts to take them over. Vietnam: Controlled by China for many years, leading to many rebellions and independence. Japan: never invaded, but they borrowed Chinese culture by choice. Dar al Islam: 1200-1450 Tribute system Chinese Buddhism Confucian influences ● Women's rights decrease Alphabet Used exam system Chinese identity Strong women's roles ● Female deities Island nation Sent missions to learn Chinese ideas Combined ideas ● Imperial court + daimyo & samurai Buddhism + Shinto Chinese writing + Japanese alphabet O Trade routes (spices) O Srivijaya on the Strait of Malacca ■ Buddhist temple Borobudur O Khmer Empire of Cambodia ● ● ■ Hindu temple Ankgor Wat Majapahit of Java Last Hindu empire of region Umayyad - Abbasid - Seljuk Empire ■ Turkish pastoralists ● O O ● Delhi Sultanate ● O O O O Vijayanagar in south O Ottoman Empire ■ Caliph - Sultan Ottoman Empire (Anatolia) Delhi Sultanate (Northern India) O Byzantine Empire weak O 90% Muslim by 1500 O Muslim ruler Hindu Population Few conversions O O West Africa O Kingdoms & Empires: Ghana, Songhay, and Mali Urban centers O Sufi = Bhakti O Rulers & elites O Smaller Population Spain or Al-Andalus Christianity = Islam ■ Mansa Musa Muslim Trade Timbuktu O Only Muslim region in Western Europe Prosperous & harmonious Cordoba Became intolerant & rigid Reconquista ■ Inquisition O Ideas & goods both spread O Agricultural developments ■ Crops: sugar, rice ■ Irrigation techniques Diffusion of technology ■ ■ Muslim Golden Age O Transferred ideas & innovated new ones Christianity ■ Paper & gunpowder from China O Baghdad's House of Wisdom Europe & Christianity: 1200-1450 Medicine Science & Math Greek & Roman texts - Renaissance O Kings vs the Church (Catholic) Crusades O ■ "Retake" Jerusalem & Holy Lands Byzantine Empire in East ● European Politics ■ Eastern Orthodox O Borrowed from local pagan traditions ● ● O Politically fragmented O Decentralized monarchies O Competition (warfare) (100 Years War - England & France) Some sought to revive Roman Empire O ● Systems of Europe O ■ O Charlemagne (Alexander the Great of Europe) (First European monarch appointed by Pope) Holy Roman Empire (Modern Day Germany) ■ Trade with East Feudalism ■ O Serfdom O Trade Guilds System of lords and vassals Manorial system O Hanseatic League Left out Eastern trade Portugese & Dutch begin long-distance trade O Venice "Gateway to the East" O Transformed technologies ■ Shipbuilding ■ Gunpowder Agricultural Society O Free peasant labor ■ Subsistence farming ■ Taxes Serfs Women's roles ■ Textiles ■ Technological advances (iron plow, horse collar) Americas & Africa: 1200-1450 ● Swahili Coast East Africa O O Independent City States O Involved in Indian Ocean Trade Gold, Ivory Leopard Skins, Quartz I Merchant elite ■ Contact with Arab traders O Great Zimbabwe ● Ethiopia or Axum O Adopted Christianity in 4th Century O Rest of Africa was mostly Muslim O Geography played a major role ■ Mountainous terrain ■ Distant from centers of Muslim power ● Aztec Empire ● O O O O ● Inca Empire Silk Road ● Mexica people Grew through military conquest ■ Mercenaries O Military conquest O Tenochtitlan Demanded tribute from conquered people ■ Human sacrifice O Gender Parallelism Paleolithic Societies O Australia O Direct control over conquered people ■ Bureaucracy ■ Record keeping on quipu Mit'a System O O North America ● Agricultural Villages Trade Routes ■ Firestick farming Dreamtime ■ ■ O Igbo of West Africa Chinookan, Tulalip, Skagit Fishing Villages No kings or states ■ ■ Traded heavily Iroquois of North America Pastoral Peoples O O Tension with agricultural societies Adopted Islam Iroquois League alliance of nations ■ Social equality and personal freedom UNIT 2: "Networks of Exchange" 1200-1450 Fulbe of West Africa Routes expanding ● Strong states provide security O Pax Romana: the Roman peace, make everything safe for travel O Pax Mongolica ● Rising merchant class Government taxation Byproducts of Trade ● Culture and ideas exchanged ● Biological exchanges Relay Trade ● ● ● Luxury Goods O Buddhism into East Asia O Gunpowder from China O Disease like the Bubonic Plague O Plants and animals Silk Road was series of roads Established trade cities O Samarkand O Oasis cities to stop & resupply Caravanserai ● Overland trade is mainly luxury items Silk, spices, & porcelain Trade Innovations O East Asia Europe O Chinese monopoly on silk Affected lives of Chinese women & peasants O Silk →→ Food ● Transportation technology Interregional Travel O Yokes, saddles, and stirrups O Caravanserai Commercial developments O Credit O Banking Houses of Italy Travelers wrote about their journeys O Ibn Battuta O Marco Polo ● Cultural understandings & misunderstandings Indian Ocean Trade: 1200-1450 New Technology Bulk Trade Navigational technologies O Compass O Astrolabe Ship design O Larger ships: Chinese junk & Arabian dhow O Lateen sails Ships could carry larger, bulkier goods Impact on States Timber Peppers & Rice O Sugar Land routes only sold luxury goods ● O O Caused states to grow Cultural Diffusion ● O Swahili city-states O Sultanate of Malacca Port cities or Entrepots become more important ● Established merchant diaspora communities O Arab merchants → East Africa Monsoon Winds Gold Road O Chinese merchants → Southeast Asia Ming Admiral Zheng He ● Environmental influence on trade Prevailing winds with seasonal changes Needed to understand monsoons to trade O Europeans lacked the knowledge (left out of trade) O Treasure Ships O Tribute → Transfer of culture & technology Trans-Saharan Trade: 1200-1450 Gold of West Africa Other commodities O Ivory O Salt Slaves ● Exchanged for textiles & manufactured goods O Sahara Desert Once a barrier to trade ● New developments & technologies O Camel & camel saddle O Caravans West Africa ● Expansion of empires and states facilitates trade O Ghana →→Mali → Sonhai O Hausa city-states Trade city of Timbuktu Accompanied by Islam American Trade Less extensive than Afro-Eurasia ● Internal trade rather than region-to-region Aztec private traders: Pochteca Inca state-run; used quipu O O Limits to Trade ● ● No large domesticated animals O Horses, camels No wheeled vehicles or large ships Geographic features Pastoralism & the Mongols: 1200-1450 O Panama bottleneck O North-South orientation of continents Pastoral Societies ● Animal husbandry (domestication) ● Arid grasslands & deserts O Horses, camels, goats, sheep, cattle, reindeer ● Pastoral Features. ● O Central Asia (Steppes) O Sub-Saharan Africa O Arabian desert Kinship-groups or clans O Sometimes formed alliances Interactions Gender equality Nomadic lifestyle Goods from agricultural societies O Trade O Raiding ● Military advantages ● Cultural diffusion: religion & tech Major Pastoralists Xiongnu (northern China) O Horseback riding O Archery O Tribute system Bedouin Arabs (Arabian peninsula) O Expansion of Islam Turks (Central Asian steppes) → Ottomans Berbers (northwestern Africa) → Almoravids Rise of Mongols Temujin → Chinggis Khan (universal ruler) O Generous & ruthless ● United Mongol clans Mongol Conquest ● Largest land-based empire in history ● Previous empires in decline O Song China divided O Abbasid Caliphate weak Submit = spared, fight = no mercy O Siege of Urgench Used conquered people Mongol Empire: 1200-1450 Mongol Khanates Yuan Dynasty Organized, disciplined army Sons & grandsons continued expansion O Ogedei →→ Mongke → Kublai ● Reunified China → legitimate rulers ● Capital at Beijing ● ● ● Il-Khanate ● ● Used Chinese bureaucracy & taxation Direct rule O Improved infrastructure O Harsh & foreign ● Disastrous to local economy Indirect Rule Assimilated to Islamic culture ● First take-over of Persia by non-Muslims Brutal conquest O Samarkand, Baghdad, Urgench, Bukhara Golden Horde ● Dominance of Russia ● Destroyed cities Fall of Kievan Rus Not occupied →→ Tribute collection O O Slavery & taxation Promoted certain princes & cities O Rise of Moscow Mongol Trade Revitalized Silk Road trade O Pax Mongolica New developments O Census O Relay stations ● Globalization of Christian, Muslim, & Chinese world Cultural Diffusion ● ● ● Religious tolerance Social Impact O Eastern Orthodox Church O Missionaries No spread of Mongol culture O Converted to Islam ● Spread of tech, crops, & knowledge → Europe starts getting more access to Asian culture (becomes more important later on) Unit 3 Women's rights & roles in Mongol society O Pastoral egalitarianism O O Bubonic Plague ● O Women advisors in Yuan China Forced relocation Black Death O Skilled craftsmen Academics O Effects of Plague O Rodents →→ Fleas →→ Humans Spread from increased trade & Mongol conquests Densely populated cities Killed ½-½ of Europe's population Middle East & China Many believed it was the end of the world Labor shortage O Peasant revolts O End to serfdom ● Mongol empire collapsed Decline of Silk Road Ming Dynasty 15th Century States: 1450-1750 O ● Retook China from Mongols O Repair & restoration O Civil service exam ● Emperor Yongle (yong-luh) Eunuchs vs. Bureaucrats Zheng He (jung-huh) ● Admiral, eunuch, Muslim O Indian Ocean O Bringing other states into tribute system ● Ended abruptly → isolationism Europe's Renaissance (mostly Italy already wealthy from Banking Houses) ● Renaissance Rebirth ● ● Maritime Voyages ● Portugal & Spain sponsored expeditions O Da Gama Columbus Motivated by God, gold, and glory Expanded over time O Greek/Roman classics Humanism & Secularism (focused more on human life and not afterlife) Wealthy patrons of arts O Medici family, popes O Islamic World ● "Second flowering of Islam" Four major empires Islam spread to Southeast Asia O Indian Ocean trade O Merchants & Sufis O Malacca Islamic Conflicts ● Ottoman Empire Anatolia ● Gained territory Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael ● Wealthy & powerful Sunni Safavid Empire ● ● Persia/Iran ● Began from Sufi order Shia Islam as state religion Islamic Frontiers Songhai Empire ● West Africa ● Trans-Saharan trade ● Islam limited to urban elites Mughal Empire ● India Hindu population ● Unified most of India Land-Based Empires: 1450-1750 Russian Empire ● Russian Expansion ● ● "Gunpowder Empire" Rise of Moscow O O Peter's modernizations Emerges as a state while building the empire ● Conquered Steppes & Siberia. O Fur trade O End of pastoralists Spread westward into Baltic Qing Dynasty ● ● Grand Prince →→Tsar →→ Emperor Ivan the Great →→ Ivan the Terrible →→ Peter Mughal Empire ● ● Manchu people conquer China O Ethnic elite O Public performance of Confucian rituals Expanded westward O Tibet, Xinjiang, Mongolia O Little cultural influence ● Muslim rulers over Hindu population Akbar the Great O Tolerance & women's rights O Zamindars Ottoman Empire Aurangzeb reversed policies ● "Gunpowder Empire" Conflict with Safavid Empire Tax Farming Suleiman the Magnificent O Extended the empire westward Christian Encounters ● Fall of Constantinople →→ Istanbul ● Conquered Balkans ● Devshirme system (Christian families had to send a son to be trained in the empire) O Bureaucrats O Janissaries Religious Changes: 1450-1750 The Reformation First break in Christianity since Great Schism Church corruption Martin Luther ● O Selling indulgences Secular popes O 95 Theses O Wittenberg cathedral O Denounced corruption Salvation by faith alone O Bible in vernacular Role of printing press Protestant Churches Calvinism John Calvin Predestination City of Geneva Anglicanism Henry VIII of England Divorce ● Church lands to nobles Anabaptists Adult baptism Separation of church & state Religious Conflict ● Thirty Years War ● O Protestants vs Catholics O Defenestration of Prague ● Huguenots ● Ottoman/Safavid conflict Balance of Power Church power decreased Kings & local rulers power increased Absolute monarchs O King Louis XIV of France O "Divine Right of Kings" Counter Reformation ● Response from Catholic Church Jesuits O Society of Jesus O Missionaries ● Council of Trent Syncretic Religions ● Akbar's state cult ● Bhakti Hinduism & Sufi Islam Sikhism O Guru Nanak O Egalitarian O Harmony between Hindu & Muslim Unit 4 Maritime Voyages: 1450-1750 New Technology ● European Advantage Geography ● ● Wind patterns Europe borrows from Islamic & Asian worlds New ship designs O Caravel O Carrack Navigational tools. Exploration ● O Improved map-making ● ● Voyages were state-sponsored Portugal O O O Motivation O O Competition Atlantic Trade Winds constant Prince Henry the Navigator Bartolomeu Dias O Vasco da Gama ● Search for Northwest Passage ● Spanish Expeditions Columbus Discovered gold ● God, gold, glory ● Conquistadores Columbian Exchange O Cortez →→ Mexico (Aztecs) O Pizarro →→ Peru (Inca) Plants Transatlantic biological exchange O American staple crops →→ Eurasia O Population increase ● Great Dying O Animals O Domesticated animals → Americas Cash crops established Eurasian diseases → Americas O Smallpox, measles, influenza 90% of native population dies Worsened by Little Ice Age Maritime Empires: 1450-1750 Mercantilism State-regulated trade to strengthen power ● Acquiring bullion (gold and silver) Favorable balance of trade ● O Exports > Imports Colonies O American Colonies ● Spain →→ Mexico & Peru ● Portugal →→ Brazil Britain North America ● Caribbean Islands Coerced Labor ● Encomienda →→ Repartimiento →→ Hacienda Casta System Spanish intermarriage Social hierarchy O Based on percentage and skin tone O Peninsulares & Creoles = 100% Spanish O Mestizos Sugar Plantations Major cash crop in Brazil & Caribbean Industrial Production ● Relied on African slaves O Labor intensive O O Most natives had died 80% of slave trade Settler Colonies ● Permanent settlement in British North America ● Protestants escaping European society ● O Puritans & Quakers Asian Commerce: 1450-1750 ● No religious conversion Self-government Little racial mixing → sharply defined racism Indian Ocean O O ● Spices, Chinese silk, Indian cotton ● ● O Venetian & Muslim trade monopolies No interest in European goods Trading Post Empire O Portugal forced their way in O Cannons Established fortified bases Forced merchants to pay duties & tolls Tried to monopolize spice trade ● Eventually assimilated O Middlemen The Philippines ● Colonized as Spanish headquarters in region ● Christian conversion Forced labor & taxation ● Revolts Trade Companies ● Joint-stock Companies O Dutch East India Company (VOC) O British East India Company (EIC) VOC seized spice islands O Destroyed competing crops O Slave labor British India Muhgal Empire controlled land O EIC took coasts of India O Made deals with Mughal rulers Bombay & Calcutta Cotton textiles Chinese Isolationism ● Ming China cancelled Zheng He's voyages ● Mostly untouched by Europeans ● Mainly overland trade O Some Chinese merchants in SE Asia Tokugawa Japan ● Daimyo O Regional feudal lords, with samurai warriors O Fought each other Shogun took over & unified Japan Global Trade: 1450-1750 Silver Trade ● ● ● Spanish Silver ● ● O Expelled Europeans & Christians O Dutch were allowed ● Silver is first global currency Coinage N. America, Europe, India, Russia, Africa, China Chinese Demand O O Europeans as middlemen ● Ming Dynasty taxes in silver ● Europeans purchased goods with silver >50% of silver → China ● ● O Americas →→ Europe → China O Japanese silver to China Effects of Silver ● Silver deposits in American colonies O Potosi mine Slave labor & high mortality O Philippines as silver trade hub O Mexico → Asia Fur Trade Enriched Spanish crown O But caused massive inflation Japan invested in new enterprises China becomes more commercialized O Focus on cash crops (i.e. silk) "Soft gold" Little Ice Age Brought N. America & Siberia into global market O British vs French rivalry → Seven Years' War O Russia's expansion Effects of Fur Trade ● Near extinction of sable, beavers, deer O Loss of wetlands ● Disease killed Native Americans & Siberians Native Americans ● ● European allies & enemies O Some tribes enriched O Others displaced or exterminated O Slave Trade: 1450-1750 Middle Passage ● Lacked immunity Dependent on European goods Metacom's War (King Philip's War) ● O O Chattel slavery ● Harsh & brutal conditions ● African Diaspora ● Forcibly spread around world, away from home >10 million slaves from West Africa To Brazil, Caribbean, & North America ~2 million died on journey Slavery Changes ● ● Demographic change in Americas Led to some cultural diffusion O African cuisine → Southern food (rice & okra) O African music & art Slavery was not new O O Prisoners of war Indian Ocean slaves assimilated Based on race Larger scale No rights Triangular Trade African States ● Plantation economy & cash crops O Sugar, cotton, tobacco Link between West Africa, Americas, & Europe O Slaves → Raw materials → Manufactured goods ● Some grew from slave trade Ashanti Empire O Trade with Dutch & British O Firearms →→ expansion Kingdom of Kongo O Trade with Portugese O Only foreign captives could be enslaved Resistance ● Maroon societies in Caribbean ● Underground railroad in North America ● Queen Ana Nzinga of Ndongo & Matamba Portugal tried to control slave trade Resisted and defeated Portugal Safe haven for runaway slaves O O O Population Effects ● Huge population loss in Africa ● Gender imbalance O O O Spread of Religions: 1450-1750 Religious Expansion ● Christianity O Americas & Asia O Jesuit missionaries Forced conversion O Islam Mostly men were taken Labor demands & power increased for women Female slavery & polygamy in Africa O O O Sufis & scholars No conquest ■ Requerimiento ■ Destroyed temples Africa, India, & SE Asia Chinese Christianity New Branches ● Jesuits converted officials, not masses Sharing knowledge Few conversions O Little to offer O Abandon traditions O Pope insulted emperor Wahhabi Islam ● Protestantism in Christianity ● Wahhabism in Islam ● Neo-Confucianism & Kao Orthodox ● Opposed to Sufis & syncretism O Return to "pure" early islam O Destroyed Sufi tombs and idols ● Protected women's rights Change in China ● Unit 5 Kaozheng = "research based on evidence" O Opposed European Ideas China & Muslim world more advanced O Rejected Western ideas Independent universities ● Knowledge of world → Europe Scientific Revolution ● ● New thinking about natural world ● Astronomy (Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo) O Geocentric→→→ Heliocentric Newton's laws of physics, not supernatural forces Medicine (Harvey, Leeuwenhoek) O O Emphasis on Reason ● Rational inquiry, based on evidence ● Scientific Method Galen's 4 humors anatomy Miasma theory & spirits germ theory O Rene Descartes & Francis Bacon O Experimentation Enlightenment New thinking about human relationships Criticized aristocracy & states Salons ● French philosophes O Role of Religion Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu Science vs the Church O Bruno, Galileo Opposed religious intolerance Deism ● Protestant leaders followed Enlightenment values Social Contract ● People make contract with state for protection O Hobbes: personal safety O Locke: protect individual rights ● Women's Rights ● Women excluded from Enlightenment discussion ● Natural rights Early feminism Progress & Change O Mary Wollstonecraft ● Move society forward. ● O Olympe de Gouges Women's suffrage Atlantic Revolutions 1750-1900 North American Revolution: 1775-1787 Inspired rebellions & revolutions Reform movements O Expanding suffrage O Abolition of slavery & serfdom American Colonies ● ● Fairly autonomous ● British Control O O Positive connections to Britain Open & equal social life State control of colonies tightened O New taxes & tariffs O To pay for the 7 Years' War ● Colonies not represented in Parliament Aftermath Britain had conflicts in Europe Less profitable than West Indies Revolutionary War ● Launched with Declaration of Independence Unlikely military victory Creation of the Constitution O Bill of Rights O Checks & balances O Separation of church & state Not social transformation O Same elites in charge O Contracts & property rights remained (slavery) ● Accelerated democratic tendencies O Widened political participation (voting) ● Inspired other revolutions French Revolution: 1789-1815 French Estates ● ● Social Conflict ● Nobility avoided taxes & had privileges Price of bread increased & unemployment increased O Taille tax Peasants attacked lords' castles, sold church lands Women involved ● 3 Estates: clergy, nobility, & commoners (98%) Louis XVI called Estates General O Raised taxes to pay for 7 Years' War National Assembly formed by 3rd Estate Reign of Terror ● Constitutional monarchy → radical measures ● ● O Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen O King tried to disperse them, but failed Aftermath O Fear the revolution would stop Guillotine to execute 'enemies of the state' O King Louis & Marie Antoinette O Maximilien Robespierre French society restarted from scratch O Streets renamed, monuments destroyed Became a republic O Universal male suffrage Rise of political clubs Napoleon Bonaparte General who seized power in a coup ● Military dictatorship O Suppressed democracy O Kept equality, secular law, religious freedom Series of brilliant military campaigns O Largest European empire since Rome O Spread revolutionary ideals Atlantic Revolutions: 1750-1900 Haitan Revolution: 1791-1804 Sugar Economy ● Wealthy sugar plantations ● Huge social divisions & inequality Revolutionary Goals ● ● All social groups wanted revolution Each had their own motives ● O O O O Revolt & War ● Revolution started with several slave revolts Fighting between groups O O Toussaint Louverture French military defeated twice Aftermath Inspired by French Revolution ● Plantation owners Free people of color Poor whites Black slaves (90% of population) O Only successful slave revolt in history Ended slavery O But did not grant political rights to all ● Inspired other unsuccessful slave rebellions Creole Elites Latin American Wars of Independence: 1808-1825 Slaves came out on top ● Dissatisfied with Spanish rule O Authoritarian O Heavy taxes ● Familiar with Enlightenment ideas Ethnic & class divisions hindered revolution ● New Independence ● Napoleon disrupted Spanish rule ● Creole leaders fought Spanish forces O Simon Bolivar & Jose de San Martín O Identified with natives & mestizos Gained independence across South America Mexican Revolution Aftermath ● Peasant insurrection over food prices O Priests Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Morelos O Natives & Mestizos Creoles & Church allied to crush revolt O Established new order & rule ● ● Creoles didn't deliver on promises O Reform Movements: 1750-1900 Abolition - End to Slavery Opposition Sources ● ● O No unity between former colonies ● Social and ethnic divisions remained Women excluded from political life O Maintained regional identities Warfare O Enlightenment thinkers Religious groups ● Industrial economy ● Haitian Revolution Official Changes Resistance ● O Quakers & Evangelicals Britain illegalized slave trade in early 1800s Other countries followed O Brazil last in 1888 O Russia ended serfdom in 1861 Labor shortages led to global migration from Asia U.S. Civil War Freed slaves lacked economic & political freedom O Sharecropping O Segregation laws Slaves still used within Africa Nationalism: Unity and Independence Nation-States State political entity, Nation = cultural group O Previously one state ruling several nations O Few nation-states Traditional identities challenged O Religious →→ Science Local →→ Urbanization O Linguistic→→ Printing Press National Movements French Revolution & resistance to Napoleon. Unification of fragmented states O Germany & Italy Independence from empires Ottoman, Austrian, Russian Nationalism Effects European competition & rivalry Civic Nationalism vs. Racial Nationalism Spread to regions exploited by Europeans O Egypt, Japan, India, China, Africa Feminism: Women's rights & equality Feminism Roots Some Enlightenment thinkers French Revolution restructured society Industrial women had lives outside the home Feminist Goals ● Seneca Falls Convention 1848 ● Access to education & jobs Organized suffrage movement in West Maternal feminism & strengthening the nation Temperance & abolition groups Missionary organizations Results of Feminism More education → improved literacy Property & divorce laws Professions →→ Nursing, teaching, social work Voting rights were later (after 1900) Industrial Revolution Energy Crisis ● Population increase Better agricultural techniques O Guano as fertilizer fossil fuels (coal, oil) ● Wood Industry in Europe ● Small, competitive states = no stagnation ● Merchants important to monarchs O Laissez-faire economics O Free Market capitalism Great Britain Laws O Enclosure, patents, tariffs ● ● Geography O Textile Industry ● New Inventions ● O Rivers & island Wealth = investment capital Agricultural innovations → urbanization workers Coal & iron deposits Cotton textiles Innovations o Spinning jenny, power loom, cotton gin British manufacturing surpasses India 2nd Industrial Rev. Iron → steel Chemicals Steam engine →→ machinery → factory system Transportation O Railroads, steamships Communication O Telegraph, telephone ● O Petroleum Electricity O Light bulb Precision Machinery O Industrial Society: 1750-1900 Internal combustion engine Environmental Effects ● Extracting resources extensive mining ● Pollution O Smog in air O Chemicals & waste in water Social Classes ● Spread of disease O Cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis Aristocracy declined O Land urban wealth New classes O Industrial middle class (bourgeoisie) O Industrial working class (proletariat) Lifestyles Working Class Middle Class ● ● Protest Movements ● Horrible working conditions Unsanitary, crowded Whole family works ● ● Professionals & owners Wealthy lifestyle O "Respectability" Ladies stay home Children in school Social Reforms ● Extend vote to poor Trade unions & strikes ● Socialism O O ● Unemployment relief ● Improved urban sanitation Karl Marx wrote about the decline of capitalism Classless society Child labor laws & public education Minimum wage Regulated factory conditions Human Migration Countryside →→ cities Europe →→→ overseas (especially U.S.) O Push: poverty, population, lack of farming O Pull: labor demand, land, cheap transport Settler colonies O Australia & New Zealand Spread of Industry: 1750-1900 Industrialization ● Spread through Western Europe first ● Slow & gradual in France ● Germany focused on heavy industry O Iron & steel > textiles O Cartels United States ● ● American Society ● Lead Industrial power by 1914 Huge transnational businesses ● O US Steel & Standard Oil Maximized efficiency O Assembly line & interchangeable parts Russian Industry ● Consumerism & marketing of goods O Planned obsolescence Socialism never takes off in US Russian Unrest ● O Diverse society →→less solidarity Higher standard of living O Still had tsar, aristocracy, & serfs O Resented by educated middle class State-directed industrialization Harsh conditions for factory workers O No unions or political parties O Rise of Marxist ideas Revolt against tsar in 1905 O Latin America O Allowed political parties & unions Reforms were reluctantly given & easily undone O Dissatisfaction grew until 1917 Created soviets & Duma No Industry Unstable & bankrupt after independence O Wars & changing governments O De facto racial inequality Growth, but huge wealth gap O Rural poor (90%) O Protests & strikes usually crushed O Mexican Revolution 1910 Exported raw materials to industrial world O Silver, copper, tin, rubber, guano O Bananas, cacao, coffee, sugar, beef European Investments → railroads Dependent development Opium Wars: 1750-1900 1800's China ● ● ● ● Taiping Rebellion ● Huge population Qing state ineffective & foreign Lacked wealth of European empires Peasant uprisings ● Trade with Europe Hong Xiuquan O Influenced by Christianity Denounces Qing Dynasty ● European traders restricted O Guangzhou (Canton) Not part of tribute system O Attempted reforms & overthrow O 20-30 million deaths ● ● British demand for tea Opium Trade O O No interest in British goods or Indian cotton Opium grown in British India British merchants used illegal practices O Bribery, smuggling, & addiction First Opium War 10% of Chinese population addicted by the late 1800's Qing government knew it was harmful Qing official Lin Zexu → Guangzhou Confiscated goods O O Forced pledges British military sent to support merchants China surrenders in 1842 O Treaty of Nanjing Foreign immune to Chinese laws More ports opened Christian missionaries China paid indemnities. Hong Kong →→ Britain Unequal Treaties ● More wars throughout 1800's ● France, Russia, & US made own treaties Spheres of influence O Northeast China →→ Russia O Korea & Taiwan → Japan Self-Strengthening ● ● O Vietnam →→→ France Goal to reinvigorate China Borrow from the West O Factories, telegraphs, weapons Conservatives & landlords feared change O Limited reforms Boxer Rebellion Anti-foreign sentiment increased Society of "Righteous and Harmonious Fists" O Destroyed foreign embassies of Beijing O Killed Europeans and Christians Put down by coalition of foreign powers Asian Modernization: 1750-1900 Non-Western Reform China → Self-Strengthening Movement ● Japan →→ Meiji Restoration ● Ottoman Empire → Tanzimat Reforms Egypt →→ Muhammad Ali's national cotton industry Ottoman Empire ● "Sick man of Europe" Colonization of Muslim regions ● Independence movements in Balkans O Greece, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria ● Weak economy & military (Janissaries) Tanzimat Reforms ● "Defensive modernization" O Built factories, railroads, & schools Equal rights for non-Muslims O Secular legislation & education Opposed by ulama & Janissaries Opposition Groups Young Ottomans O Wanted constitution & parliament O Islam with science O Brief success Young Turks O Wanted Turkish national state Tokugawa Japan ● Backdrop to industrialization O O End to Isolation Secular westernization Military coup ● Commodore Matthew Perry O "Black ships" O Forced opening of Tokyo harbor ● O Urban, literate population o Samurai →→ Bureaucrats ● Unequal treaties ● Shogunate appeared weak O Market economy Stability> social progress Shogunate vs local daimyo Meiji Restoration ● Shogun overthrown by samurai ● Modernizations ● Unit 6 ● Selectively borrowed Western ideas O Unification O Independent daimyo → appointed governors O Nationalized army & taxes O Social equality Restored Emperor Meiji to power Japan's Imperialism O Technology, constitution, laws, schools, clothes O Sent students abroad. State-directed industrialization O Zaibatsu Recognized by Western powers Needed natural resources O Colonized Taiwan, Korea, & Manchuria Russo-Japanese War New Imperialism: 1750-1900 Imperial Justification ● ● Social Darwinism ● O "Survival of the Fittest" Europe was most "fit" O Nationalism Raw Materials O O "White Man's Burden" O Duty to civilize "inferior races" O Education O Christianity O Health care Competition Fought for colonies Needed for industrialization South America & Africa O Rubber, Guano, Beef Cotton, Palm Oil, Diamonds Needed markets for manufactured goods Empire in Asia British, Dutch, French, & US Strengthened control over pre-existing colonies O British in India (EIC) O Dutch in Indonesia (VOC) Settles colonies: New Zealand & Australia Scramble for Africa Use of warfare & diplomacy Berlin Conference French occupation of West Africa O Resistance by Samori Ture British in South Africa → Zulu War, Neighboring Lands ● US ● Japan O O Alaska Manifest Destiny Russia O Korea O Taiwan O Mongolia O Central Asia Types of Control ● Indirect Rule War 0 Local elites & rulers held power in name only O Western education for some Resistance ● Direct Rule O Dictator-like rule by foreign governors O Discouraged democracy & modernization ● Maintained Independence O Thailand (Siam), Liberia & Ethiopia Created new states (ie. Cherokee & Zulu) Anti-colonial revolts Imperialism Effects: 1750-1900 Labor Systems O Boxer Rebellion O Indian Revolt of 1857 (aka Sepoy Mutiny) Subsistence farming → cash income Artisan products → factory goods Coerced labor ● Congo Free State O Indonesia: 20% of land for cash crops O Congo Free State Cash Crops King Leopold II of Belgium Exploited natives for ivory & rubber O Maimed/killed if they didn't meet quotas O ~10 million Congolese died ● Belgian government took over ● Beneficial to some locals O Burma, West Africa Environmental impacts O Irrigation & soil depletion (Vietnam) ● Over-dependence on 1 or 2 crops Colonial Migration Push & Pull Factors O Need $, labor shortages, loss of land Forced migration → overseas Urbanization O Overcrowding, low wages, & segregation O Viewed as opportunity African Migration Slave trade still in Brazil ● Internal migration ● Asian Migration ● ● O To European plantations & mines Settler Colonies: Algeria, South Africa Intensified segregation (Apartheid) O ● West African Women Men China & India → SE Asian plantations O Indentured servants in British Empire End of slavery → labor shortage in Americas Restrictive immigration laws O Chinese Exclusion Act in US O White Australia policy ● O O O Women O O O Major Effects Cash crops Moved to cities, mines, & plantations Often lost money in large trade Subsistence farming Handled domestic economy alone Successful small-scale trade Brought Asia & Africa into global economy Modernization → schools, hospitals, infrastructure O Suez Canal in Egypt O Railroads in India No industrialization Colonial Identities: 1750-1900 Western Education New schools or studied abroad ● Opportunities New Elites O Better jobs O Social mobility O Improved literacy Never equality with whites Western clothing, language, & lifestyle Led to new social division Sought reform that never came O Caste system & women's rights in India Christian Influence ● Widespread conversion in Oceania & Africa Religious Identity ● Syncretism in African Christianity ● Missionaries & schools Gender norms clashed with traditional culture O Monogamy O Female circumcision Religious Rebellion ● O Maintained traditional beliefs & practices Indian Hinduism became unified religion O British definition O Intensified Hindu/Muslim divide ● African Identity ● Millenarian movements Ghost Dance O Native American ritual to drive off white man Xhosa Cattle Killing in South Africa O Prophecy, led to starvation Pan-African unity Compared with Europe O Past empires like Egypt, Mali, Songhai Unique characteristics "Tribe" in Africa O Communal & egalitarian European concept O Make administration easier O Push idea of primitiveness Adopted & built upon by Africans O Sense of community in urban areas World War I: 1914-1919 Causes of War ● War in Europe was inevitable ● MAIN long-term causes (power keg) O Militarism O Alliances O Imperialism O Nationalism Aggressive Militarism ● Industrialization → new weapons & ships Entangling Alliances ● Triple Alliances ● O Arms race Conscription →→ armies doubled Inflexible mobilization plans Imperialist Rivalry Nationalism O O Austria-Hungary O Italy Germany Dual/Triple Entente O France O Russia O Great Britain (later) Competition over colonies O Africa & Asia ● Germany wanted to catch up ● Positive attitude about war New nation-states disrupted balance The Assassination ● O Italy & Germany Slavic minorities in Balkans & A-H Empire ● Spark that set off the war ● Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary O Visiting Sarajevo Serbian nationalist group, "Black Hand" O Gavrilo Princip O Funding from Serbian government Steps to War 1. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia 2. Russia mobilizes army a. 1/2 →→ Austria-Hungary, 2→→ Germany 3. Germany invades France (Schlieffen Plan) 4. Great Britain declares war on Germany For violating Belgian neutrality The Great War ● Trench warfare makes Western front a stalemate War of attrition → unpopular O Total war O O War economy, rationing, propaganda Colonial subjects (Indian, Australian, etc.) Progression of War ● ● New technology ● Russia exists (due to Revolution) US & Japan join Entente Powers Outcomes of War O Unrestricted submarine warfare Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers Italy switches sides Treaty of Versailles O Between the Wars: 1919-1937 ● Blamed and punished Germany League of Nations Society after WWI O Fall of Russian & Ottoman Empires Disillusionment with war Social mobility & women's suffrage ● New consumerism & pop culture O "Roaring Twenties" Unresolved Tensions ● League of Nations ineffective ● Anti-imperial resistance O Indian National Congress ● Gained new territories ● Great Depression O Mandates →→→ France & Britain German colonies →→ Japan O ● US → Europe →→ rest of world O Global economy Booming economy & stock speculation Stock prices went down O Banks closed & unemployment went up Response to Crisis Latin America O Military takeovers O Import substitution industrialization Soviet Union O Communist O 5-year plans O Untouched by Depression ● ● Totalitarian States Europe & US Fascist Italy ● O Democratic socialism O New Deal Rose in Europe (Spain, Italy, Germany) Fascism O Violent nationalism O Opposed liberalism, communism, & democracy Appealed to fear & anger O Of big business, socialism, war, consumerism O ● Ideology of "the State" ● Corporatist economy ● Nazi Germany Benito Mussolini & "Black Shirts" O Gained power with violence Got rid of opposition ● Discontent with Weimar Republic O Depression & inflation Nazi Racism Adolf Hitler & Nazi Party O O Got rid of opposition Reinvigorated economy with building projects German racial superiority Anti-Semitism O Used Jews as scapegoat O Nuremberg Laws → Kristallnacht Anti-feminist Imperial Japan ● Traditional elites feared modernization O Growing democracy & Western culture Military takeover of politics O Extreme nationalism focused on Emperor O Censorship World War II: 1937-1945 Japan's Imperialism Invasion of Manchuria (Manchukuo) & China O Leaves Leagues of Nations → Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) "Liberation" of Southeast Asian colonies Road to War ● ● Hitler violates Treaty of Versailles O Expanded military O Occupied regions for "Lebensraum" O O ● Appeasement European Theatre ● German Blitzkrieg using tanks & planes O Conquers France O Invades Soviet Union ● O Invasion of Poland Turning Points Needed resources US embargo →→ Pearl Harbor Bombing of Britain Battle of Stalingrad → Soviet counterattack US joins Allies Pacific Theatre O Normandy invasion of France (D-Day) Germany pressed on two fronts O Soviets capture Berlin ● US strategy of island hopping O Iwo Jima → Okinawa Total War Dropped atomic bombs O Hiroshima & Nagasaki Propaganda & competing ideologies ● ● Use of colonial subjects ● Women as industrial workforce O US & Soviet Union Civillian Casualties Bombing killed many civilians O O Atomic bombs Germany's Siege of Leningrad The Holocaust Firebombing of Dresden, London ● Japan's Nanjing Massacre O O Hitler's "Final Solution" Genocide of 6 million Jews Ghettos →→ Concentration Camps → Death Camps Outcomes of WWII ● Devastated European powers O Spread of communism US arose as a superpower ● ● ● Also targeted other "undesirables" O Gypsies, communists, homosexuals, and others Era of Cooperation ● Rise of Communism: 1905-1949 Colonies gained independence United Nations replaces League of Nations EEC & European Union O Less emphasis on nationalism & Japan Post-war "economic miracle" Russian Communism: From Tsar to Stalin Tsarist Russia ● Recovery of Germa O ● Failure to modernize 1905 Revolution → creation of Duma O Failure of Russo-Japanese War O Bloody Sunday February Revolution Romanov family seen as corrupt Social tension & upheaval O Starvation O Casualties in WW1 Tsar Nicholas II abdicated throne in 1917 O Replaced by weak provisional government October Revolution Bolsheviks gained power O Led by Vladimir Lenin O "Peace, land & bread" Civil war 1918-1921 → communits won → USSR Power struggle after Lenin's death → Stalin Chinese Communism: From the Qing to Mao Qing Dynasty ● Dissatisfaction with Qing rule Fall of the Qing ● ● Nationalist China ● General Yuan Shikai ● O O Empress Dowager Cixi Civil War Guomindang (GMD) nationalist party O Founded by Sun Yat-sen Qing government overthrow in 1911 O Xinhai Revolution ● Loss to foreign powers Failure of reform O President →→ Emperor → Warlord Era rty reunify China GMD & Chinese Communist Chiang Kai-shek purges communists O Shanghai Massacre 1927 ● Stalin's Rule CCP gains support of rural peasants Fought Japan in WW2 Land reform & women's rights ● O O Dictatorship & cult of personality Great Purges (aka "the Terror") O Executions & gulags ● Privileged party elite ruling class Long March →→→ Mao Zedong as hero CCP defeasts GMD in 1949 → Taiwan Centralized Planning ● Huge industrial projects O No concern for environmental impact O Chernobyl State-directed 5 Year Plans Collectivization Mao's Rule O Economic growth & urbanization Peasants forced into collective farms O Quotas under threat of violence & gulags Directed by urban party members Famine →→ 5 million deaths ● ● ● Great Leap Forward Focus on rural peasantry, not urban workers. Censorship of art & literature Allied with Soviet Union O Copied 5 Year Plans for industry Industrialization in rural areas Humiliated & killed landlords Collectivization of agriculture Four Pests Campaign > 20 million deaths Cultural Revolution O O ● Revolutionary spirit ● Combat capitalism & traditionalism Red Guards Communist Feminism ● O Young people vs CCP leaders O Targeted officials, teachers, scholars. ● State-directed legal equality O USSR's Zhenotdel O China's Marriage Law Jobs in industry & agriculture Kept domestic role & few top political leaders The Cold War: 1947-1991 Superpowers US & USSR surpass Europe after WW2 O Marshall Plan ● US abandons isolationism ● ● Competing ideologies: communism vs capitalism O Religion, consumerism, equality ΝΑΤΟ ● Military alliance to oppose communism Truman Doctrine O Containment O Intervention in Africa & South America Warsaw Pact Forced communism on Eastern Europe ● Comintern encourages revolutions "Iron Curtain" O Division of Germany & Berlin Soviet Leaders ● ● ● Proxy Wars ● Nikita Khrushchev replaced Stalin 1953 De-Stalinization O ●. Leonid Brezhnev O Brezhnev Doctrine of military intervention Arms Race Korea O O O Vietnam ● Nuclear weapons & missiles O Soviet A-bomb (1949) & H-bomb (1953) Mutually assured destruction was deterrent Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Military Industrial Complex ● 1950-53 US intervention Ceasefire & still divided O 1955-1975 O US intervention O Communist unification Afghanistan O 1979-89 O Soviet intervention O US aid to guerillas & Soviet withdrawal Communist Failures ● ● Periods of terror Economic stagnation Deng Xiaoping O Purges & Cultural Revolution O Genocide in Cambodia (Pol Pot) Soviet Union & China disagreements ● Death of Mao Zedong 1976 Four Modernizations O Opened economy to capitalism O Prosperity but increased inequality & corruption ● Tiananmen Square massacre Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika (restructuring) & Glasnost (openness) Economic instability & protest O 1989 "Miracle Year" O Fall of Soviet Union 1991 Russian oligarchs Decolonization: 1900-Present End of Empires ● WW1 →→ Ottoman & Austria-Hungarian WW2 → German & Japanese Weakened Europe United Nations as anti-colonial platform O O Self-Determination Pushed for Africa & Asia Nationalist ideology (nation-states) Enlightenment values does not include colonial rule & racism O Western-educated elites Nationalist Leaders ● Asia O O O Africa Gandhi & Nehru (India) Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam) Sukarno (Indonesia) O Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) O Patrice Lumumba (Congo) O Nelson Mandela (S. Africa) Gamal Nasser (Egypt) O European Interests Deliberate decolonization plans O Retain economic profits O Infrastructure, elections, constitutions Creation of Israel O Partition of Palestine → conflict Freedom Methods ● Guerilla warfare O Algeria, Angola, Vietnam Nonviolence & negotiation O India & Ghana (Gold Coast) O Strikes & protests in West Africa Ideological Role Religion O Islamic Union & Muslim League Ideologies like communism & racial equality Biafra secessionist movement in Nigeria O Igbo ethnic identity Non-Aligned Nations ● Third World countries O NATO (1st World) / Warsaw Pact (2nd World) Former colonies & developing nations O Yugoslavia, India, Egypt, Indonesia, Cuba O Many in Africa & Asia India & South Africa: 1900-Present India: Ending British Rule British Raj Rule by foreign power Infrastructure →→ communication & unity O Railroads, telegraphs, newspapers ● Promised self-government after WWI Political Party Indian National Congress (INC) Western-educated from high caste families Sought moderate change O Inclusion in British Indian politics Mohandas Gandhi ● Studied in England → South Africa → India ● Satyagraha: nonviolent civil disobedience O Fasting, boycotts, Salt March ● Sought social change O Hindy/Muslim unity O Rights for women & untouchable caste Indian Partition ● Accompanied independence 1947 ● Muslim League represented Muslim minority Creation of Pakistan as Muslim state O South Africa: Ending Apartheid Apartheid Relocation →→violent religious conflict Official policy of extreme racial segregation Rule by white settler minority O British colonists & Dutch Afrikaners (Boers) Industrial economy O Nelson Mandela Labor from black Africans ● Freedom Struggle ● External international pressure ● African National Congress (ANC) Nonviolent civil disobedience IFP separating from Africa PAC - pan africanism (uniting Africa) ● O Boycotts, strikes, burning passes Harsh government response O Banned ANC & imprisoned Mandela National Election Underground groups turned to violence O Soweto Rebellion 1976 O Clashed with separist parties ● ● New States: 1900-Present African States. ● Mandela freed & ANC ban lifted End to key apartheid policies 1994 Election → Mandela & ANC won Rise of authoritarian regimes O Idi Amin in Uganda Lack of economic development Ethnic violence O Nigerian Civil War O Rwanda genocide Latin America Military intervention Socialist revolutions & reform O Mexico & Cuba, Uruguay & ARgentina ● Shining Path in Peru ● Child: socialism → military regime O Augusto Pinochet Return to Democracy ● Failure of authoritarian governments O Economic problems, oppression, violence ● Grassroots campaigns & social media Developing Economy ● State directed economy → market directed O Land reform in Kerala, India O Egypt under Nasser ● Maintained economic ties to metropoles ● Economic Methods O Migration: India → Britain, Algeria →→ France Arab Spring 2011 Secular Turkey ● Import Substitution Industrialization in Brazil Asian Tigers focus on exports O Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea Some areas boomed (China, India, Brazil, Turkey) Others left behind (Africa, Arab states) O ● Emancipation of women Religious Iran Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Ended political role of Islam O Replaced sultan, sharia law, Arabic script ● White Revolution O Redistributed land, health care, education Ayatollah Khomeini opposed Shah Islamization of public life O Sharia, religious education, Arabic, hijab Spread throughout Middle East O Globalization: 1900-Present Global Capitalism International trade ● Transportation & communication technologies O Shipping containers & air travel O Internet & cellular ● World Bank & IMF O Free trade, stable currency, rules Global Migration ● Push factors: war, revolution, end of empires O Greece → Turkey, Jews →→ Israel Labor migrants from developing countries O India →→ Britain, Algeria → France, Mexico US O Illegal immigration Free-Market Policy ● Neoliberalism O Low tariffs, tax cuts, privatization, deregulation Ronald Reagan (US) & Margaret Thatcher (Britain) Regional trade agreements O NAFTA & ASEAN Global Business ● Multinational Corporations O Nestle, Toyota, Samsung Foreign direct investment → China, Mexico Lower labor costs & regulations O O Outsourcing in US → income inequality Wealth Gap ● ● Rich Global North vs poor Global South O O Manufacturing: Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico Wealth inequality within nations O Urban vs Rural in China, Mexico Knowledge economies: US, Japan, Finland Anti-Globalization Protests against WTO, IMF, World Bank O Fair trade, human rights, inequality World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO) Advent of locally-developed media Weibo in China O Economic Setbacks Financial crises O Oil crisis (1970s) O Latin American debt crisis (1980s) ● 2008 Recession from US housing market ● Volatility of unregulated capitalism American Empire ● Neocolonialism & cultural imperialism ● US military dominance O 9/11/2001 → Afghanistan → Iraq O Economic competition from Asia Protests of Vietnam War & Iraq War 1960's Protests Social Liberation: 1900-Present ● ● 2nd Wave Feminism ● Equal rights in education & employment Access to birth control Women's liberation vs patriarchy domination Opposition from traditional & religious groups ● ● Non-West Feminism ● US Civil Rights Movement & Vietnam War 1968 French student protests Prague Spring 1968 O ● Czechoslovakia reforms on censorship ● Issues of nationalism, racism, poverty Women's group movement in Kenya Fundamentalism O Support & community projects Family Law Code in Morocco Support from UN conferences Radical Religion Challenged by science & global modernity O Reject modern world Literal interpretation of religious texts Use propaganda, politics, & violence Christianity O Terrorism Involved in US politics O "Religious right" O Televangelists Hinduism O O O Islam Hindutva Against Islam & westernization BJP party O Islamization of public life O Quran & sharia O "Jihad" Muslim groups against Western aggression O Suicide bombings in Israel O Al-Qaeda & 9/11 ● Irish Republican Army (IRA) Progressive Religion ● Gulen movement in Turkey O Apply Islamic principles to social problems Christian groups & popes advocate for poor Environmentalism: 1900-Present Human Impact ● Population increased due to medical innovations O Vaccines & antibiotics O Liberation theology in Latin America Socially engaged Buddhism ● Use of fossil fuels (coal, oil) ● Increased production & consumption of goods Green Revolution ● ● ● Large population New tech → more food supply Epidemic Diseases O Genetically-modified seeds O Chemical fertilizers Success in Mexico & India Due to Poverty O Malaria O Tuberculosis O Cholera Due to Longevity O O O Alzheimer's Heart disease Cancer Pandemics O 1918 influenza O HIV/AIDS O Covid-19 Environmental Effects ● Deforestation & soil erosion Extinction of plants & animals ● Air & water pollution Climate Change O Plastics in Great Pacific Garbage Patch CFCs affect ozone layer O Global warming O Melting ice caps & extreme weather Droughts →→ competition over resources O Syrian Civil War (drought & famine) Arab Spring (rising grain prices) O Environmentalism ● Preserving wildlife & national parks Green Belt movement in Kenya Protest & lobbying ● O Building of dams (Three Gorges Dam) O Amazon rainforest Organizations Non-government Organizations (NGOs) O Greenpeace O WWF "Green" businesses International agreements O Kyoto Protocol 1997, Paris Agreement 2015 Renewable Energy Replacing fossil fuels O Solar, wind, & hydroelectric power O Electric & hybrid cars Nuclear power → controversial O Chernobyl, Three-Mile Island, Fukshima