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people in rural areas produce more goods than they can sell. → Manufacturing and Trade: Discovered coal---used to produce loads of iron goods. Eventually, China created steel. THIS Increase in demand for iron & steel led to proto-industrialization. → Promoted Taxes & Tributes: Taxes aided the growth of a commercial economy (e.g, public building projects like roads & irrigation canals.) Tributes aided goods to honor the Chinese emperor. Social Structures in China: (Majority of China's people were poor, lived in rural areas) → Scholar gentry: Made from bureaucratic expansion, were educated & influential → Farmers, Artisans, & Merchants follow below, then at the lowest status were peasants. WOMEN ROLES: Foot binding, a practice to limit women & also sign of high social status banned in 1912. Intellectual & Cultural Developments: ★ Paper & Printing originating from woodblock printing (was faster & more efficient) ★ Reading & Poetry: Became more known with the making & availability of books Buddhism & Daoism ---Religious Diversity #1: (Buddhism is diffused by the Silk Roads from India to China) → Theravada Buddhism: focused on spiritual growth using meditation & self-discipline (strongest in Southeast Asia) →Mahayana Buddhism: focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service. (strongest in China & Korea) → Tibetan Buddhism: focused on chanting. (strongest in Tibet) → Zen Buddhism: Combined or syncretic elements of Daoist traditions and Buddha's teachings to create Chan Buddhism in China. SIMILARITIES: Believed in the Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path Buddhism & Neo-Confucianism ---Religious Diversity #2: (Confucianism strikes conflicts with Buddhism & Daoism as it gets rises in popularity) → Song Dynasty eventually adopts Buddhism AND Confucianism (Co-Exist) → Neo-Confucianism evolves in China (770-840) → Filial piety: Respect for elders, ancestors, and in societies---Confucius beliefs 1.1 {JAPAN} Developments in East Asia: Introduction: (Japan had many typhoons & natural disasters--- natural barrier against mongols) Impact of Chinese culture on Japan: → Japan's Prince Shotoku Taishi (574-622): promoted Buddhism & Confucianism along with Shinto religion. (Also learned wood printing from China) → Heian Period (794-1185): Japan emulated Chinese traditions in politics, art, & literature. (The Tale of Genji: The world's first novel) → Kamikaze: "2 wind storms"---Saved Japan from 2 Mongol fleets under Kublai Khan! Government Developments: (Japan was a feudal society & had decentralized government) → Feudalism: Had landowning aristocrats, the daimyo, battled for control of the land → Code of Honor similar to Europe: Knights code (chivalry), Samurais' code (bushido) → The Daimyo: ruled over more land and had more power than the emperor or shogun AFTER the Heian Court Declined: The land-owning Minamoto clan took over and by 1192, installed a shogun, a military ruler/general to reign. PROBLEM: Japan did not have a powerful emperor, and suffered from regional rivalries among the aristocrats. Social Structures in Japan: (Majority of population were poor & rice farmers) → JAPAN: Serfs, Samurais', and Daimyo → EUROPE: Peasants, Knights, and Nobles 1.1 {KOREA} Developments in East Asia: Introduction: (Goryeo or Korea 918-1392) → Adopted Chinese writing system: Korean language remain structurally different → Emulated China's centralized government Government Developments: (Korea also followed a Bureaucracy) → Stronger Aristocracy in Korea than China → Korean Civil Service Exams: Similar to China, but was not truly merit-based as it was not opened to peasants. Gwageo-- or exam taught confuncian, history, medicine, poetry, etc. Religion of Buddhism: → Jikji: collection of buddhist teachings → Tripitaka Koreana: Wooden building full of buddhist teachings 1.1 (VIETNAM} Developments in East Asia: Introduction: (Vietnam traded with & learned from China) → Adopted Chinese writing system & architectural styles → Vietnam did not like China's influence: Had launched many rebellions against china → Vietnamese villages operated independently; no political centralization Government Developments: (Vietnam also followed a Bureaucracy) → Stronger Aristocracy in Korea than China → Vietnamese Civil Service Exams: Similar to China, Vietnam adopted a merit-based bureaucracy of educated men. DIFFERENCE: China swears loyalty to the emperor, but Vietnam scholar-officials owe allegiance to the village peasants. Social Structures & Gender: → Women: Rejected customs from China e.g, foot binding & polygyny → Women enjoyed greater independence in their married lives than the Chinese. → Nuclear Families: Consist of just a wife, husband, & their children---Unlike chinese extended families PROBLEM: Despite the Vietnamese efforts to maintain purity of their own culture, sinification (chinese influence) did occur. Asian Comparison JAPAN . Government: Feudalism (Decentralized) • Religion: Buddhism, Confuciansim, & Shinto Geography: Archipelago near Korea & China • Writing: Adopted chinese language • Ruler: Emperor... (But really it's the Shogun) Chart (Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and China) KOREA VIETNAM . Government: Bureaucracy (Centralized) Religion: Buddhism Geography: Peninsula below China • Writing: Adopted chinese language (language structurally very different) • Ruler: Emperor . Government: Bureaucracy (Decentralized) Religion: Buddhism Geography: Southeast Asia Writing: Adopted chinese language • Ruler: Emperor...(But pledge loyalty to the village) Government: Large civilian Bureaucracy (Centralized) Religion: Buddhism, Daoism, & Confucianism Geography: East Asia • Writing: chinese language • Trade: Porcelain, paper, cotton, & silk • Ruler: Emperor & followed dynasties 1.2 {DAR AL-ISLAM} Developments in Dar Al-Islam: Introduction: (Dar al-Islam---literally, "The House of Islam" or Muslim world) → In Islam, "people who follow Islam cannot be slaves" Muslim = cannot be enslaved → Cairo: Capital of Dar-Al-Islam CHINA Political/Governmental Caliphates: (City of Baghdad invaded by Mongols 1258.) → Caliphate of Cordoba: (750) broke away from the Abbasids rule → Mamluks: In Arabic, "property" for slaves trained in martial arts, court etiquette, etc. → Mamluk Sultanate: (1250-1517) Prospered from trade in cotton & sugar → Seljuk Turks: Muslims from Central Asia = conquer most of Middle East (defeated Mongols) END: The Crusaders, Mongols, Seljuk Turks all attack the Abbasid leading to its downfall Center of Learning & Education : (Islam valued education, religion, & trade) → House of Wisdom: Library of books → Cultural interactions: Islamic scholars search for knowledge internationally DOWNFALL: Bagdad lost wealth & population after trade routes shifted north ROLE of WOMEN: Created the Harem "a sacred place" kept concubines of caliphs (protected by eunuchs). Women's roles decline in political affairs. 1.3 {INDIA} Developments in South Asia: Introduction: (Pre-Islamic Arabia--- The fall of the Gupta Dynasty 550, led to disunity) Political Structures in Southern India: (Southern India was MORE stable than northern India) → Chola Dynasty: (850-1267) present-day Sri Lanka → Vijayanagara Empire:(1336-1646) Hindu, "the victorious city" started by Harihara & Bukka Political Structures in Northern India: (Northern India → formed by the fall of Gupta Empire) → Rajput kingdoms: Hindu kingdoms led by many clans--- fought against each other → Decentralized Government!: Lack of centralized power made it easy for Mongol attacks → Islamic vs. Hindu: 11th century, Islamic forces erected mosques & holy Hindu sites → Delhi Sultanate: 13th-16th century when Islam meets Hindusim (sultans =king/sovereign) in South Asia: (Hinduism became a cultural unity throughout the region) Buddhism → Majority → Hinduism/ Minority → Arrival of Islam: Universalizing & proselytize, or actively sought to convert others Religion Social Structures in South Asia: → Caste System: Lent stability to a politically decentralized society Cultural Interactions in South Asia: (South Asia & the Middle East shared many achievements) ➜ Algebra & Geometry: Created by India - translated to Arabic→ spread to all of Dar al-Islam → Qutub Minar: A Hindu mosque built from Delhi Sultanate Rulers (Has Islamic architecture) → Urdu: Language mixed of Hindi (Used by Northern India) & Farsi (Used by Persians) → Bhakti Movement:(12th century) development of a strong attachment/devotion to a specific deity used in south India. Islam v.s Hinduism Chart: ISLAM • Monotheistic: Worship one god • Disapproved any visual image of Allah Equality of ALL believers • Writing: Only use Quran • Origin: Mecca (Saudi Arabia) • Founder/Prophet: Muhammad • Worshipers: Muslim HINDUISM • Polytheistic: Worship many gods • Approved artwork with pictures of deities Hierarchical Caste System • Writing: Use many sacred texts • Origin: India Founder: None Worshipers: Hindu 1.3 {INDONESIA} Developments in Southeast Asia: Introduction: (Southeast Asia includes: Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam) → Borobudur - Largest buddhist temple in Indonesia :) → Spice Islands =Became wealthy from Indian Ocean trade (e.g, nutmeg, etc.) Political Kingdoms: (Sinhala Dynasties in Sri Lanka = migrate to general Southeast Asia) → The Srivijaya Empire (670-1025) Buddhist Sumatra-based kingdom =strong Navy → Majapahit Kingdom: (1293-1520) Hindu-buddhist Java-based kingdom -controlled sea routes → Khmer Empire: (802-1431) Or, Angkor Kingdom had good irrigation & drainage system → Sukhothai Kingdom: In 1431, Conquered over the Khmers Culture in Southeast Asia: (Islam is diffused into the Indian Ocean region = Majority convert) → Sufism: Mystics of the faith, believed to, "find divine love through personal connection to Allah" → Sufis: Muslim missionaries that work from Southeast Asia 1.4 {AMERICAS} Developments in the Americas: Introduction: → Mississippian Culture: 1st large-scale civilization (started in Mississippi River Valley) & built huge earthen mounds (religious purposes) Government & Society in Mississippian Civilization: → Cahokia: (loc: Southern Illinois) Largest mound civilization, had a rigid class system > Matrilineal Society: chose by the women's side of family Ruler: called the "Great Sun" Chaco & Mesa Verde: (13th century, both civilizations declined as the climate grew drier) → Chaco & Mesa Verde: created homes out of clay, stones, bricks on the side of cliffs Aztecs/Mexicas Civilization: (Location: Central America) → Tenochtitlan: (1325) Present-day Mexico City ➤ Includes: Ziggurats, cities, etc. ➤ Tribute system: allowed political control over distant lands without direct involvement. Mesoamerican Comparison Chart: MAYA Location: Mexico/Central America Religion: Polytheistic (human sacrifice) Peak Years: 400--1517 Crops: Maize, beans, squash Technology: Ziggurats (step pyramids), Olmec (ball game), writing, calendar Government: city-states ruled w/ king & war 4 tribute AZTEC Location: Central Mexico Religion: Polytheistic (human sacrifice) Peak Years: 1200-1521 Crops: Maize, beans, squash, tomatoes Technology: Ziggurats (step pyramids), Chinampas, calendar Government: Powerful king, tribute system, war 4 captives INCA Location: Andes in South America (called the Mexicas) Religion: Polytheistic (human sacrifice) Peak Years: 1200-1533 Crops: Maize, cotton, potatoes Technology: Waru waru (agriculture), roads, Government: powerful king, war 4 conquest, Mit'a system (required mandatory public service) 1.5 {AFRICA} Developments in Africa: Introduction: (State building in Africa -- uses a lot of Government (;-;) → Ibn Battuta: Moroccan traveler, went all over Africa; found Islam everywhere, some converted others resisted Political Structures in Inland Africa: (Islam influnces africa 14th century (1300s) → Bantu Migrations: spread similar cultures across Sub-Saharan Africa by 1000 ce ➤ Included: agriculture, iron-working, language & no massive empires! → Hausa Kingdom: 7 loosely connected kingdoms & part of Trans-Saharan Trade Network Social Structures in Inland Africa: (NO large empires; ruled by Kinship, Age, & Gender) → Slavery: Prisoners Of War (POWS), Debtors, & Criminals → Zaw Rebellion: East African slave revolt → Giots: African Oral storytellers; historians & advisors to the king Political Structures in WEST & EAST Africa: (East & West United: Well connected to Trade Networks) → Ghana: Traded with Muslim Traders of North Africa ---Peaked in the 1000s; gold & ivory trade → Mali: Took over Ghana; Sundiata = founder--- Booming gold trade; Mansa Musa → Zimbabwe: "Stone House" ---Traded with coastal cities on the Swahili coast → Ethiopia: "Island" of Christianity in East Africa IMPORTANCE: Africa is connected to 2 trade routes: West = Trans-Sah, East Indian Oc. 1.6 {EUROPE} Developments in Europe: Introduction: (476-1000, Byzantine Empire continues Fallen Western Empire Rule!) → Feudalism: Kings, lords, knights, serfs (Dark Ages due to declined in trade) → Manorial System: Large fiefs/estates are divided among the people living in manors. ➤ Clergy, Nobility, Peasants ~90% population (vassals= subordinates) ➤ Fief: pieces of land & Demesne: Land 4 the lord's personal use (Domain) → High Middle Ages: (1000-1450) The "turning point" after the dark ages. MAJOR CHANGE: Kings consolidated MORE power & LAND---Feudal lords lose power! Political & Governmental Structures in Europe: → Kings: established large bureaucracies & armies → more power → Magna Carta: 1215, a document that limited the power of the King →lost power → Roman Catholic Church: Established first universities in Europe (philosophers religious) Innovations & Plague in Europe: (Agriculture: Horse collar, heavy plow, etc.) → Bubonic Plague: Carried by fleas from rats-- killed ½ of Europe Political & Social Structures in Italy: → Bourgeoisie:"middle class"(not rich or poor) Includes: shopkeepers, merchants, etc. → Renaissance: "rebirth" of Greek & Roman culture, art, & literature. Political & Religious Battles: → Monasticism: A practice were Christian monks isolated themselves from society → Crusades: Caused by tension between church & monarchs rising to power (total: 9 crusades) → Hundred' Year War: (1337-1453) England vs. France & Christians vs. Muslims (reconquista) MAIN FOUR Crusades Chart: 1st Crusade Key Figure: Pope Urban II Reason: Islamic Conquests Outcome: Crusaders take Jerusalem back! 2nd Crusade 3rd Crusade Reason: Turkish incursion into Syria Reason: Saladin (Muslim leader) retakes Jerusalem Outcome: Failed to retake Jerusalem Outcome: Failed to take Damascus Crusades: Series of Christan wars as an attempt to take the holy land from the Muslims UNIT TWO: NETWORKS OF EXCHANGE -----TEXTBOOK NOTES------- 4th Crusade Reason: Attempt to retake Jerusalem Outcome: Looted Constantinople 2.1 {TRADE} The Silk Roads: Introduction: (The Silk Roads were a land route used trade over 1,300 years) → Marco Polo: Followed through the routes of Silk Road from Europe Asia > Includes: Italian traveler wrote about his travels-led innovations in maps/cartography Causes of the Growth of Exchanged Networks: (International global trade expanded as did the increase for land & sea trade) → Increase Demand: For paper & silk for gold & silver v.v. (China traded w/ Europe) → The Crusades: e.g, lords & their armies brought back goods from the East → Rise of New Empires: After the collapse of classical civilizations, Arab merchants (Abbasid Empire) revived the Silk Roads ---a second "Golden Age" Effects of the Growth of Exchange Networks: → Improvements in Transportation Technologies: Updated Indian Ocean sea trade (created naval boats/chinese junks like a Southwest Asian dhow & magnetic compass. END OF GOLDEN AGE: Mongol Empire conquered the Abbasid Caliphate thus seized parts of the Silk Road, disrupting its long stability.) Significant effects of expansion & stability of the Silk Roads were... → Cities & Oases: Routes allowed stable creation of cites & commercial innovations → Kashgar & Samarkand City: Thriving cities of the Silk Roads----had fertile land & access to water. Economic Effects of the Growth of Exchange Networks: (copper coins were ineffective) → Commercial Innovations: Helped manage trade, development of money economy. → Developed System of Credit: flying cash or paper money which influenced banks. → Flying Cash: hence its ability to travel quickly and far overseas without physical transport. → Bill of Exchange: A document stating, "the holder is legally promised a payment of a set amount on a set date---and will receive that amount of money in exchange." WAR OVER TRADE: During the Crusades, Germany & Scandinavia formed the Hanseatic League, a commercial alliance that controlled North Sea & Baltic Sea trade. 2.2 The Mongol Empire and the Modern World: Introduction to the Mongols: (The Mongols from Central Asia were ruthless conquerors) → Strong Military: Valued warfare & hunting (Both men & women had to be fierce) → Coveted Luxury Goods: From the Silk Roads → East Asia: Located north of the Gobi Desert Mongol Empire: (How Temuchin/Temujin became the great khan or "king" of the Mongols) → Temujin later known as Genghis Khan or "ruler of all" FAILED: Mongols could not conquer over India (29x), Japan, and Dai Viet (northern vietnam) Genghis Khan at War: (Led many battles---overall ruled inner Mongolia & Northern China) → Conquest in 1210: Genghis Khan & his army attacks Jin Empire = conquered Manchuria → Conquest in 1219: Khan conquers Kara Khitai Empire & Islamic Khwarazm Empire Genghis Khan's Military Reforms: (Helped the Mongols win battles) → Improved command structure: efficient communication between units. → Improved military tactics: tricked the enemy & recruited conquered people with skills like engineers (to improve siege weapons e.g, catapults & cannons) → Improved travel: Used horses to travel & arrows Genghis Khan's Accomplishments: (Genghis Khan unified their now enormous Empire) → Began the Pax Mongolica: or "Mongolian Peace." In this period, Genghis Khan governs → Protected the Silk Roads: established new trade routes between Asia, Africa, & Europe. → Promoted Safety of Trade: guaranteed safety & security of travelers → Had Religious Tolerance: gained the people's loyalty throughout the empire → Made Karakorum the capital of Mongolia. → Uyghur Alphabet: adapted to a common alphabet to represent the Mongols FAILED: To establish one system throughout the empire... 2.2 Khan's Three Grandsons: Emperors after Genghis Khan: (Mongol Empire splits to 4 Khanates or "kingdoms") → Batu and the Golden Horde: Batu, Khan's eldest son, led the Golden Horde, a Mongolian army (~100,000 soldiers) westwards. =took over areas of Russia, Germany, & Poland → Hulegu and the Islamic Heartlands: Led the Mongols take charge of the southwest region into Abbasid territories (II-Khanate) =destroyed the city of Baghdad → Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty: Kublai defeated the Chinese 11 years after his reign (1260-1271). Started the Yuan Dynasty and rebuilt the capital of China at Zhonghu. MONGOLS LOSE POWER: Despite keeping Chinese traditions, Mongolian leaders eventually disregarded the Chinese and hired foreigners for government positions. FAILED: The Mongols failed to expand beyond China & could NOT conquer Japan, Indochina, Burma, & Islands of Java. End of Yuan Dynasty: (Song → Yuan → Ming dynasty) → White Lotus Society: A secret group that attempted to end the Yuan Dynasty. → Zhu Yuanzhang: a Buddhist monk, led a revolt that overthrew the Yuan Dynasty (1368) → Ming Dynasty: Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang (1368-1644) → Beijing, China: New capital from Ming dynasty The Long-Term Impact of the Mongolian Invasions: → Mongols conquered a larger area than the Romans → Mongols helped diffuse cultural knowledge (e.g, Islamic scientific knowledge in China) → Helped transmit fleas carrying the Bubonic plague, (affected trade & military conquest) → Helped the spread of greco-cultural medical knowledge to Europe 2.3 {TRADE} Exchange in the Indian Ocean: Introduction: → Indian Ocean Basin: Trade that benefited locals (Arabs, Indian, Malay peoples, etc.) → Calicut & Cambay: Thriving port cities (centers of trade) Causes of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean: → Increased Demand for Products: India= Cotton fabrics, Malaysia & Indonesia = Spice Islands, Swahili cities= Slaves, Gold & Ivory → Environmental Knowledge: Monsoon winds essential for predicting sail voyages → Advances in Maritime Technology: Astrolabe, Magnetic compass, stern rudder → Spread of Islam: Connected trade cities & Indian cities Effects of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean: (The Diaspora help arouse international trade) → Diasporic Communities: expanded → led to diaspora, settled people far from their homeland IMPORTANCE: Settlers introduce their own cultural traditions & led to influence of merchants Voyages of Zheng He: (Zheng He's voyage from 1405-1433 + achievements from Ming dynasty) → Went on expeditions for Chinese government → opened up new markets for chinese goods → Stopped going on voyages to limit cultural interactions that might interfere w/ Confucianism SHORT-TERM RESULT: Zheng's voyages stopped pirate activities (coast of China & Southeast Asia) 2.4 {TRADE} Trans-Saharan Trade Routes: Introduction: Trans-Saharan trade was a major wealth & islam influence to the nearby African cities → Caravanserai: like hotels/resting areas bc it was dangerous to travel along the trans-saharan. Western Eurasia and African Empires (13th Century) AL-ANDALUS Location: Spain Major City: Cordoba Peak Years: 711-1492 Key Figures: Ibn Rushd (Islamic scholar), Maimonides (Jewish scholar) Legacy: Preserved Greek classical learning Note: Ghana, Mali, Songahi are all in West Africa (Mali is most important) MALI Location: West Africa Major City: Timbuktu Peak Years: 1200s-1400s Key Figures: Sundiata, Mansa Musa Legacy: Spread Islam in West Africa. Prospered from Salt & Gold trade BYZANTINE Origin: "The Romans" Location: Middle East Major City: Constantinople Peak Years: 330-1453 Key Figures: Justinian, Heraclius Legacy: + Carried on Roman legacy KIEVAN RUS Location: Russia Major City: Kiev Peak Years: 900s--1200s Key Figures: Vladimir I Legacy: + Spread Christianity eastward + 1st large Russian Empire UNIT THREE: LAND-BASED EMPIRES --(Early-Modern Period: 1450-1750)------- 3.1 {GUNPOWDER} Empires Expand in Europe & East Asia: Introduction: (The effects of new technology/cultures after the 1450s to 1750) → Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman Empire, Russia, Safavid, and Mughal (Very Militaristic) European Developments: (After the End of Hundred Years War & Decrease of Bubonic Plague) → Gutenberg Printing Press: Printing (books, etc.) was easier--increased literacy in Europe → New Monarchs: (1500s) made feudalism more centralized--- controlled taxes, army & religion Russian Developments: (Tsar (King/Caesar) & Ivan IV's reforms on Russia) → Ivan IV "Ivan the Terrible": Expanded the Russian border eastwards w/gunpowder. > Took control of Khanates: from Kazan, Astrakhan, & Siberia > Took control of the Volga: controlled FUR trade by using Cossacks > Streltsy: Russia's first firearm infantry (controlled gunpowder) ➤ Oprichnina: Secret police that hunt down enemies ➤ St. Basils: Built 8 churches --created a new Jerusalem Olo → Cossacks: peasant warriors but are free from slavery → Boyars: Russian nobles (often had tensions between boyar & tsar) ➤ Ivan IV HATED the Boyars → Went on Boyar killing spree East Asian Developments: (After the Yuan Dynasty is overthrown by Ming Dynasty) → Ming Dynasty: rebuilt & expands the Great Wall of China (overthrown by Qing Dynasty) → Qing Dynasty: established by the Manchu from neighboring Manchuria (1644-1911) ★ Used Banner System similar to a Hierarchy-- separated ethnicity (unified Manchu empire) ➤ Emperor Kangxi: Sinified (became Chinese-- born in China actually Manchurian) > Reforms: Expanded China's empire-- Taiwan & Mongolia w/gunpowder ➤ Emperor Qianlong: a poet, administered high taxes & military in western China Islamic Military Developments: (Tamerlane's violence conquest influences new dynasties) → Tamerlane: Mongol-Turkic ruler of Samarkand known for cruel invasions of Persia & India. DECLINE: Huge military ravages the economy from paying them= Empire falls apart → Ghazi Ideal: served as a model for Muslim warriors to become holy fighters for Islam. Islamic Gunpowder Empires (Long-Lasting Empires): OTTOMANS SAFAVIDS MUGHAL Location: Modern-day Iran Key Figures: Ismail, Shah (King) Abbas I Origin: the Byzantine Empire Location: Modern-day Turkey (15th Century) Key Figures: Mehmed II, Suleiman I Weapons: Gunpowder, bronze cannons Conquered: Under Mehmed II --Constantinople (Center of Byzantine Empire) Syria, Israel, & Egypt Conquered: (1520-1566) Under "Suleiman the Great" --Hungary, Vienna, etc Reforms: Renamed Constantinople to Istanbul Religion: Sunni Islam FALL OF GUNPOWDER EMPIRES: Failure to modernize economy & military Weapons: Gunpowder Conquered: Iran, Persia Reforms: Made Shia Islam official religion (unified empire) Persecuted Sunnis. Had the Qizilbash! Religion: Shia Islam 3.2 (GOVERNMENT} Empire Administration: Introduction: (How empires consolidated power) Location: India Key Figures:"Akbar the Great", (Babur's son --descendant of Tamerlane) Weapons: Gunpowder Reforms: Overseas trade flourished (rich), Tolerated religions. Religion: Sunni Islam England Government: (Centralized through religious & political authority) → Divine Right of Kings: Believed kings were decided by God himself-- "carried out God's laws" → Tudor Rule: the power of the feudal lords weakened > Justices of Peace: Part of the Parliament Gentry--- "carried the will of the monarch" ➤ Bill of Rights: Gave civil liberties e.g, less punishment & freedom to petition France Government: (Absolutism in France: France becomes more directed by one source of power) → Henry IV: Advocated on the Divine Right of Kings → Louis XII: Established intendants --royal officials/tax farmers (collected taxes) → Louis XIV: Virtual dictator combined law-making & judicial systems to his role ➤ Created: a palace in Versailles -- kept his officials in check FALL OF LOUIS XIV: Refusal to share absolute power weakened French government Russia Government: → Ivan the Great III: (Ivan IV's father) Gathered the russian lands & expands russia northwards → Peter the Great: started the Romanov Dynasty (united empire w/Russian Orthodox Church) ➤ The Grand Embassy: Massive boat journey to broaden Russian influence - failed ➤ Beard Tax! Built St. Petersburg ➤ 1st to modernize the Tsardom of Russia with Western European models!! ➤ Holy Synod: replaced the patriarch w/clergymen who answered to the tsar Ottoman Empire Government: → Millets (like Banners): Help organized religious communities (requirement: loyalty to Sultan) → Devshirme: system where, "tribute slaves are forced to be administers or give military service" → Janissaries: Usually Christian boys, form an elite force in the Ottoman army > Used musket guns--eventually were outdated → 2. Battle of Chaldiran, 1514: Epic battle w/sunni & shi'a. → 3. Battle of Lepanto, 1571: Naval battle v.s Holy League → Ottoman lose → 4. Battle of Vienna, 1683: Ended the Ottoman expansion into Europe China Government: (United china w/confucianism) → Ming Dynasty Reign: Reintroduced civil service exam & bureaucracy Goal: wanted to erase Mongol influence from the Yuan Japan Government: (Centralized ---Daimyo fought over land = fractured Japan socially & politically) → Period of Great Peace: moved power away from the Daimyo to Shoguns → Tokugawa Shogunate: reorganizing government= separated into 250 hans/territories Tokugawa Leyasu: Created double-residence to keep watch over the daimyo India Government: (Akbar's reforms to the government in Mughal Empire) → Akbar: Defeated Hindu armies & XTRIPLED his empire south & west ward. → Shah Jahan Mughal: built beautiful architecture e.g, Taj Mahal (Tomb for his wife) → Zamindars: helped carry out the "tax collectors" in India Africa Government: (Askia promoted Islam in West Africa in attempt to unite his empire) → Askia Mohammad I or "the Great": King of Songhai in Africa 3.3 {RELIGION} Empires: Belief Systems: Introduction: (How religion affected the fall & unity of empires) → Feudal Europe: Becomes more centralized/united through the Roman Catholic Church → Monarchs: Consolidated more power in this era --Churches lose power European Religion: (Christianity Schism -- Roman Catholic v.s Eastern Orthodox) → Protestant Reformation: The permanent split from Roman Catholic Church > John Wycliffe: translated the Bible from Latin to native English (Lollardy) ➤ Theological Debates: Lollardism--- practice of opposition to religious practices → Corrupted Church: abused the sale of indulgences & simony through money ➤ Indulgences: the sale to forgive one's sins through money ➤ Simoney: the sale of church offices-- have money ---get office position → Lutheranism: New branches of Christianity created from Luther's reforms ➤ Martin Luther: German monk opposed to indulgences & simony (created 95 Theses) ➤ 95 Theses: "complaints" to the Church --facilitated w/printing press all over Germany → Catholic Counter-Reformation: when the church realized how corrupt they were... ➤ Council of Trent: (1545-1563) corrected many abuses & improved education of priests ➤ Inquisition: a movement that increased to punish non-believers & hearsay (rumors) ➤ Jesuits: "society of Jesus" sought missionary work in Spain/India/Japan Empires Religion Wars: Europe's Religious Division: led to frequent wars (Lutherans v.s Holy Romans) → Peace of Augsburg: each German states can choose their ruler's religion → Peace of Westphalia: allowed believers to choose: Catholicism/Lutheranism/Calvinism → Thirty Years' War: conflict between Catholics v.s Protestants Islamic Religion: (Safavids strictly follow Shi'a Islam--conflicted w/Sunni Islam) → Ottoman Empire: worshiped Sunni Islam → The Safavids: worshiped Shi'a Islam → Mughal: Akbar tolerated ALL religions. Gave money/land to Hindus, Muslims, & Catholics ➤ Din-i-llahi: promoted to reconcile Hinduism & Islam → Sikhism: NEW! Emerges after Akbar's death---(monothesitic) developed from Hinduism & Sufism (loca: Gurmat) believed: all the good things e.g, helping the poor FAILED: Akbar failed to convert his Hindu & Islamic subjects the religion Din-l-llahi ("divine faith") 3.4 {BONUS} Taxation Comparison with Empires: OTTOMAN RUSSIAN Tax Collection: Siberian Fur Tax (lasak) & Beard Tax System: Forced Siberians to pay a fur tax.! Forced men to have SAME style beards unless they paid a beard tax (kept their beard). MUGHAL Tax Collection: Mughal zamibar tax collection System: Mughal emperors appointed tax officers Types of Ships: (princes)/zamindars to collect taxes from peasant class Tax Collection: Ottoman tax farming System: Ottoman sultans/kings appointed "tax farmers" to pay annual fixed sum of money AZTEC Tax Collection: Aztec Tribute List System: formed tributary empire, main source supported the military, (yearly offerings/tributes) UNIT FOUR: SEA-BASED/MARITIME EMPIRES -----(Early-Modern Period: 1450-1750)------- MING Tax Collection: Ming collection of "hard currency" System: ordered taxes be paid in the form of rice, then silver coins a.k.a "hard currency" 4.1 {BOATS} Technological Innovations: Introduction: (Cartography: Map making-- Astronomical charts: maps of the stars & galaxies) → Caravel: Portuguese, small & fast ship ➤ Features: Lateen sail (catch wind on both sides), replaced barges e.g, Nina & Pinta → Carrack: 'Merchant ship' e.g, Santa Maria, replaced small caravels EMPIRE 4.2 {CAUSE & EFFECTS} Comparison Chart + Exploration: Introduction: (Christopher Columbus: Spanish explorer-- 1st to find the Americas =Santa Maria) Dutch Expansion of European Exploration: (Mercantilism: Economic system, measure wealth w/gold & silver) → Portuguese expanded to Southeast & east Asia: Africa & India-- expanded overseas → GOD/GOLD/GLORY: International competition for gold, land, & spread of religion EXPLORER KEY VOYAGES PURPOSE & TIME France → Galleon: Spanish, military, armed ships England ➤ Features: cannons, ~400 guns, precious cargo (Gold & Silver) → Fluyt: Dutch, 'flute shaped' boat ONLY for trade, small & cheap ships e.g, Mayflower ➤ Features: Carried small crew, and 12 of Europe's goods = RICH ➤ Features: 3-4 Masts, carried ~1000 tons Portugal Spain Portugal Spain Henry Hudson Coast of North America John Cabot Jacques Cartier Bartolomeu Diaz Vasco da Gama West coast of South Africa Chistopher Columbus (Italian) North America ܀ Ferdinand Magellan (portuguese) North America ܀ West coast of ܀ Africa Caribbean ܀ Islands Central America South America ܀ Philippines ܀ Dutch Exploration (1609) To find northwest passage To find a sea route to the East, west from Europe. French Exploration To find Gold! (1500-1600s) To open a sea route from Europe to India & China To expand trade To find a sea route from Europe going west to India & China IMPACT Found Hudson River & established New Amsterdam (traded furs etc.) Claimed land in Canada for Britain & established Jamestown settlement Established trading post, Quebec Converted Americans to Christianity Portugal expanded trade & cultural exchange w/India & Europe Founded the "Cape of Good Hope" and cape route. Spain led the European exploration & colonization of the Americas To prove that Europeans could reach Asia by sailing west to find the "east indies" Spanish Empire began using slavery around 1619 starting with the Native American & Africans Spain established links with the Americas & Asia across the Pacific Ocean. 4.3 Columbian Exchange: Introduction: (Columbian Exchange: the transfer of animals, plants, & diseases from East to West v.v) Europeans Gave to the Americas: → Disease: Smallpox, Measles, Flu, Influenza, Typhus, Bubonic Plague, Malaria → Crops: Wheat, Grapes, Coffee, Sugar, Lettuce → Animals: Pigs, Cows, Goats, Horses, Chickens Americas Gave to the Europeans: (The 50% of the Native Americans died from smallpox) → Disease: Syphilis → Crops: Corn, Beans, Peppers, Tomato, Vanilla, Squash, Cacao, Maize, Potato → Animals: Llamas, Guinea Pigs NGULAR TRADE NORTH AMERICA PACIFIC OCEAN 13 Colonies CARIBBEAN ISLANDS raw materials SOUTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN goods red enslaved Africans EURO AFRICA Slavery: (Europeans started slavery to mass produce new crops-- failed to enslave the Natives) → Atlantic Trade (Triangle Trade): Europe give GUNS for SLAVES for GOODS for SILVER → Trans-Atlantic Slave trade: Africans become enslaved for sugar cane cultivation (e.g, Brazil) → Middle Passage: Specifically transported slaves from Africa to Brazil for (sugar, silver, etc.) ➤ Cash Crops: Sugar, Cotton, Tobacco, Coffee ➤ Polygyny: Men having multiple wives-popular as MEN died more often due to → African Diaspora: The dispersion of Aficans migrating out of Africa → Chattel Slavery: where the slave is treated as cattle (your property) -{CLASS NOTES} BONUS of Empires: Spanish Empire: (Reconquista: the reconquering of the Iberian Peninsula--700 year process) → Ferdinand II & Isabella I: Married & family connected all of Europe → Francisco Pizarro: Spanish Conquistador/conquered Inca at Battle of Cajamarca → Hernan Cortes: Captured Montezuma and conquered the Aztecs & Tenochtitlan (capital) → Bartolome De Las Casas: "protector of the Indians" and defends the Native Americans Spanish Government: (Encomienda: a system of demand tribute & forced labor of local natives) → Viceroy: Official who runs a colony as a representative of the monarch (e.g, ambassador) → Viceroyalty: Province of a viceroy SYNCRETIC RELIGION: → The Temple of the Mother Goddess: In Tepeyac, Mexica, converted Catholics → Vodun: syncretic Catholicism + West Africa & blend of French Colonialism teachings SOCIAL SYSTEMS: → Castas: Hierarchical system on race classification created by Spanish Elites in Latin America Peninsulares: Born in Europe, people who lived in peninsulas (Iberia) Creoles: Born in Latin America (European + European) Mestizos: Born in Latin America (Native American + European) Mulattoes: Born in Latin America (African + European) Zambo: Born in Latin America, lowest Casta(African + Native American) Incan Empire: → Atahualpa: gets captured by the Spanish & the 90% of Native Americans died from smallpox! Portuguese Empire: (Important people of Portugal -- managed BRAZIL) → Henry the Navigator: 1418, Opened a navigational school, traveled West Saharan South Africa. → Afonso de Albuquerque: goal: close off Indian Ocean to port control. Spreads Christianity & Claims Spice Islands → Father Xavier: Jesuit priest & missionary in Asia, India, Malaka, Japan, Spice Islands (Ultimately failed conversion) Portuguese & Spanish Empire: → Treaty of Tordesillas: Separated who owned what-- NOT enforced! Spain -, Portugal →. → Treaty of Zaragoza: (1529) Defined the borders AGAIN (better enforced). African Empire: → Maroons: Descendants of runaway African slaves in Jamaica > Queen Nanny: led revolts and help other escaped slavery → Dahomey: Part of the Oyo (mod: Nigeria) Empire Dutch Empire: → Dutch VOC: United Dutch East India Trading company (joint-stock company) → Jakarta: Capital of Dutch VOC company (traded nutmeg, cardamom, etc.) → 1st Stock Exchange: (Amsterdam) → Santa Caterline: Carrack war ship that took over Portuguese (half-pirate company) British Empire: → British East India Company: Joint-stock company → Mercantilism: Mother country (gains money!) - colonies (give materials: sugar) → Capitalism: Idea that investors can make profits for themselves and not the state. ➤ Adam Smith: Scottish founder of Capitalism (wrote book: "The Wealth of Nations") Advocated for Laissez-faire/"leave alone", suggesting that the government reduce economic intervention! → Free market economics: similar to capitalism but had unlimited wealth Japan (Tokugawa Shogunate): (DID NOT like christian conversion---threaten Japanese authority) → Tokugawa leyasu: Shogun who closed the country for over 200 years, filled a power void, and centralized Japan. Established Hostage System. → Sakoku: "Locked country", Japanese christians are persecuted. → Hostage System: Families of Japan's many Daimyos were held in Edo (Tokyo) in order for the Shogun to keep watch & hold all power. → Deshima: One trading port that still open in Japan after their seclusion 4.4 Maritime Empires Link Regions: Trading Post Empires: (ports of trading areas between the main maritime empires) → African States: Appeared in central West Africa & into Kongo & Benin Kingdoms. ➤ Asante Empire: facilitated gold trade ➤ Kingdom of the Kongo: facilitated ivory, copper, & pottery trade (Chistrian) → Japan: Refused outside influence-- persecuted converted Christians ➤ Nagasaki: ONLY small island that allowed Dutch merchants → China: Refused outside influence-result of Zheng He's Voyages → British Posts: Appeared in India & West Africa 4.4 {BONUS} Coerced Labor with Empires: INCA AMERICANS RUSSIAN System: Serfdom. Description: Feudal labor usually on manor. Slaves tied to the land: not free! System: Mit'a Description: Incan system of coerced labor System: Indentured Servitude Description: (1600s) Person is under contract to do labor to repay an indenture/loan. SPAIN System: Encomienda Description: King guarantees labor convert to catholics & teach spanish AFRICANS System: Chattel Slavery Description: People are property (1418-1888) 12 million slaves are transported Develop: 4.5 Maritime Empires Commercial Revolution: (Price Revolution: the high rate of inflation (due to silver) 1600-1700s) → Joint-stock companies: investors who bought stocks or shares in them. 4.6 Internal and External Challenges: Resistance to Portugal in Africa: (Portugal v.s Africa w/ help from the Dutch) > Includes: Dutch East India Company & British East India Company. → Monopolies: granted certain merchants-joint-stock companies--exclusive trade rights. → Potosi Silver Mine: Potosi (Peru/INCA) biggest silver mine mountain (SPANISH TOOK OVER) → Ana Nzinga: Female ruler of Ndongo (South-central Africa) greatest slave trading post > Includes: Helped her people flee west, seizing Matamba & allied w/the Dutch Local Resistance in Russia: (Serfdom EXPANDED as DEMAND for tribute from peasants increased) → Russian Serfdom: CONTINUED to benefit the government: landowners get FREE labor! → English Serfdom: STOPPED the practice (e.g, Elizabeth I freed the last remaining serfs, 1574) Cossacks and Peasant Rebellions: (Glorious Revolution: Or strengthen english Parliament → South Asia: Islamic Mughal v.s Hindu Maratha Empire over (religion & culture) → Spain: Pueblo Revolts---(New Mexico) Pueblo & Apache over spanish colonizers (religion) → British: Maroon Wars----in Africa led by Queen Nanny → Russia: Y. Pugachev--- Cossack rebel who led a revolt against Cathrine the Great! (FAILED) 4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies: Resistance to Portugal in Africa: (Portugal v.s Africa w/ help from the Dutch) → Ottoman Society: aristocracy, began to compete for positions in the bureaucracy > Includes: timar--a system where the sultan granted land/tax revenues unfairly UNIT FIVE: REVOLUTIONS -----(Modern: 1750-1900)------- 5.1 The Enlightenment: Age of New Ideas: (Revolution: the act to overthrow a government & reorganize political power) → Enlightenment: Increase of philosophy & reason to uncover the truth (in the government) → Empiricism: Belief that knowledge comes from senses & experience. → Deism: Belief that a divinity/god simply set laws in motion → Conservatism: Strong belief in tradition, refusal to believe in other ideas. 5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions: The American Revolution: → The Anatomy of Revolution by Crane Brinton, 1938 ➤ Refers to Medical description w/ Revolution descriptions. → Declaration of Independence: (July 4, 1776) Expressed independence against British Rule (against King George III) → Stamp Act (of 1765): NO TAXATION without representation (ENDED the requirement of stamped money) The Constitution: (James Madison) Fixed the Articles of Confederations The French Revolution: Estates-General: A group formed by the government to address its financial losses from wars ➤ Includes 3 Groups: Clergy, Nobility, & Commoners (97% of French society) ➤ Bourgeoisie: Wealthy/educated 8% of Peasants (commoners) ➤ National Assembly: A new group commoners created → Bastille: A former prison that symbolizes abuses of the monarchy & corrupted aristocracy ➤ Riot Resulted: death toll: 98 rioters, 2 guards, bridge torn down, freed 7 prisoners → Declaration of the Rights of Man: (July 14, 1789) Statement declaring basic human rights → Tennis Court Oath: Place where many nobles & clergy stand against Louis XVI → Reign of Terror: A period when the government killed thousands of anti-revolutionists → The Death of Marat: a famous painting (iconic) French Revolutionist leader/publisher in Paris The Haitian Revolution: → Haiti: Coffee colony that joined the maroons (queen Nanny) > 1st country in Latin America (black-led country) to win independence against the French → St. Domingue: (Pearl of Antilles) SUGAR & COFFEE trade! ➤ Toussaint L'ouverture: Chief of the negros---educated, freed by his black godfather (LATIN AMERICA) Creole Revolutions: → Propaganda Movement (Philippines): Increase publication advocated greater self-government ➤ DID NOT MAKE revolution or independence ➤ ALLOWED the Philippines to be fully incorporated into Spain as a Spanish province → Simón Bolívar: (creole) Led revolt against Spain (1815) "the Liberator" (FREED the SLAVES) ➤ Bolívars Jamaica Letter: Encouraged democratic ideals in America (Natural Rights --Locke) encouraged British support!! ➤ Copper & Gold: Acquired and retired to Venezuela ➤ Manuela Sáenz: Bolivar's wife/colonel female fighter titled "Liberator of the Liberator" → Lola Rodriguez de Tio: Female poet critiqued Spain's unfair rule in Puerto Rico New Zealand Revolution: (1872 the British had won) → Maori: The New Zealand polynesian people > New Zealand Wars: Maori vs. British control, Maori tribes followed nationalism ➤ Te riri Pakeha: "White Man's Anger" 1845-1872 (New Zealand Wars) Nationalism & Unification in Europe: → Nationalism: all nations should govern itself, free from outside interference ➤ Increased revolutions (independence) & unification (joining cities of similar backgrounds) → Unification: the coming together of people under one political unit ➤ Italian Unification: Piedmont Sardinia united the entire Italian Peninsula ➤ German Unification: German states unite to strengthen their army against French → Napoleonic Wars (1815): European state revolutions increase (Prussia Otto von Bismarck) 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins: Agricultural Improvements: (Caused by new developments & Columbian Exchange etc.) → Industrialization: the INCREASED mechanization of production → Urbanization: INCREASE in FOOD production= more people > Techniques improve: Crop rotation/seed drill) Growth of Technology: → Indian cotton → MASS produced in the Americas (Slave trade) → cottage industry system → Cotton Gin: (1794) separated the cotton from the seed → Spinning Jenny: spun multiple cotton into threads at a time---invented by James Hargreaves → Spinning Wheel: spun single threads (flying shuttle: weaved threads faster John Kay) → Eli Whitney: (1798) created a system of interchangeable parts (muskets, firearms) → Division of Labor: factory owners no longer rely on skilled workers to craft every component ➤ Specialization of Labor: (unskilled) workers could now focus on one task instead Britain's Industrial Advantages: (Industrial Beings in England, island naturally nearby water/rivers) → Raw materials: mining of coal & iron → Access to Foreign resources: from colonies all over the globe 5.4 Industrialization Spreads: Spread of Industrialization: (Industrialization spreads to France, Germany, Japan, Britain & Belgium) ● United States: 1800s began its industrialization → 1900s became a leading industrial force > European Immigrants: [unskilled laborers] had low wages & were discriminated Russia: (by 1900s) constructed the Trans-Siberian Railroad (36k miles) ➤ Coal, Iron, & Steel: thrived in industries developed w/the railroad ● • Japan: (Mid 1900s) 1st Asian country to industrialize ➤ Culture & Goods: Adapted to some industrialization & kept its traditional culture India: Had shipbuilding, textiles, and owned lots of iron ➤ British Rule: Decline in Indian shipbuilding projects & shut down their iron industry ● 5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age: First Industrial Revolution: (Found a NEW Power source! INCREASE trade) Steam Engine: (1765) by James Watt, provided cheaper way to harness coal power → steam ● Water Transportation: Steamships relied on controlled engines NOT uncontrolled winds Locomotive: Steam engine train (increased building of railroad & more efficient) Second Industrial Revolution: (Found a NEW Power source!) → Steel & Oil Production: Mass production of STEEL, alloy of iron--Oil = petroleum → Henry Bessemer: created Bessemer process - cheaper, faster, and more pure steel → Electricity: 1900s, development of an effective electrical generator ➤ Communications: telegraph (1830s) by Alexander Graham Bell, radio (1900s) by Gugliemo Marconi 5.6 Industrialization, Government's Role: The Ottoman Empire: (Had not adopted to Western technology or Enlightenment) → A Nation-state: aka, "sick man in Europe" --the Ottomans wealth & power decline → Muhammad Ali: Ottoman officer who took hold on Egypt (state-sponsored) > Built textile, arm, & shipyard factories in Egypt & taxed peasants at a high rate Japan: (Wanted to protect its rich culture from outside influences) → PROBLEM: Japan was forced by Europe to open up their trade & sell goods to them ➤ 1853, Matthew Perry: Sailed to Japan demanding them to engage in trade ➤ Meiji Restoration: The Japanese industrialize just enough to protect their culture ➤ 1895: Sino-Japanese War (Japan vs. China --Japan wins!) REFORMS: Meiji State abolished feudalism by 1868 (Charter Oath) & created new school systems 5.7 Economic Developments & Innovations: Effects on Business Organization: (Joint-stock companies influence the making of Corporations) Corporations: Shareholders shared profits of the company → limited liability for debts Multinational corporations established several in 9 countries!! (Trans-national Businesses) ➤ Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation: After the Opium Wars, China establish a British-owned bank to finance their wares (HSBC) ➤ Unilever Corporation: British & Dutch attempt to sell household items such as soap Rise of Capitalism & Consumerism: General standards of living rose in the middle class ➤ Leisure Culture: Factory workers become depressed → more pubs led to alcoholism ➤ Includes: Bicycles, Cock Fighting (two roosters fight), Horse racing, Baseball 5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy: Labor Unions: (POOR wages, conditions, & safety regulations from working in factories) → Labor Unions: Organization of a group of workers advocating the right to bargain (+contracts) ➤ REFORMS: 5 day work week, limits on hours, overtime pay, & minimum wage laws > Franchise: The right to vote --unions expanded representation of all men 1918 ➤ Child Labor: along with unions, improved living conditions of the weak (children & women) The Intellectual Reaction: → John Stuart Mill: Criticized capitalism because it's a selfish system (happiness of a person) > Utilitarianism: Addressed the problems of Capitalism (happiness of all people) → Karl Marx: believed society was: Bourgeoisie (owned factories) → Proletariat (working class) ➤ Socialism: Uses capitalist ideas but the money is for the benefits for the community ➤ Communism: Equal share of wealth & class (Communist Manifesto pamphlet) Ottoman Response to Industrialization: → Mahmud II: Sultan reformed building roads & created the Tanzimat (Reorganization) → Abdul Hamid: "Red Sultan" a.k.a violent & non-tolerant ruler (Hamidian massacres) Reform Efforts in China: (Rule under the Qing Dynasty) → Self-Strengthening Movement: Attempt to modernize & create reforms (which failed) → Hundred Days of Reform: (Emperor Guangxu) abolished the outdated civil service exam 5.9 Society & the Industrial Age: Effects on Urban Areas: (Society and environmental changes) → Tenements: Like very tightly packed apartments (help spread disease) → Cholera: Disease spread by contaminated water or food (led to building a sewage system) → The Splitting of the Family from Work: caused a huge social shift (growing middle class) ➤White-Collared Workers: Workers dressed in suits and worked in an office ➤ Cult of Domesticity: taught women's purpose was for the family & bearing children → Smog: smoke + fog choked the cities leading to respiratory problems