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space for food production. Tribute system- pay tribute, surrender land, and perform military service. Government- Theocracy ruled by religious leaders. Decline dure to European diseases, subjects rebelled, Spanish attacks Inca- Andes in SA. 1200-1533. Crops: corn, cotton potatoes, Limited trade, Religion: some human sacrifice, Gov: powerful king, wars for conquest, Mit'a system, Technology and thought Waru waru, roads Masonry, Reasons for decline European diseases, civil war, Spanish attacks. Chaco- built large housing structures using stone Mesa Verde- built multi-story homes into the sides of cliffs using bricks made of sandstone. Cahokia-Mississippian culture, built enormous earthen mounds located in Southern Illinois. ACMSCO NOTES Kin-based networks- families governed themselves. Chief mediated conflicts and dealt with neighboring groups. Hausa Kingdoms- 7 states formed by the Hausa ethnic group. Loosely connected through kinship ties, no central authority Trans-saharan trade- network of trading routes across the great desert. Kingdoms- Ghana, Mali, Zimbabwe, and Learning Objective Explain how and why states in Africa developed and changed over time. Historical Developments In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity and expanded in scope and reach. Learning Objective Explain how the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions in Europe affected European society. State systems in Africa: Great Zimbabwe Ethiopia ● Hausa kingdoms TOPIC 1.6 Developments in Europe Thematic Focus - Cultural Developments and Interactions (CDI) The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications. Historical Developments Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Europe. Ethiopia Ghana- 5th century, Ghana rulers sold gold and ivory to Muslim traders in exchange for salt, copper, cloth, and tools. From Ghana's capital city, Kombi Saleh, the king ruled a centralized government aided by noles and an army equipped with iron weapons. Mali- 12th century, founding ruler Sundiata was a Muslim and used connections of his faith to establish trade relations with North African and Arab merchants. Thriving gold trade Mali's wealth grew tremendously. Great Zimbabwe- East Africa, 9th century, a most powerful kingdom between 12th and 15th centuries. Built its prosperity on a mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and all above all gold. Transport of gold made kingdom wealthy. Traded with the coastal city-states such as Mombasa, Kilwa, and Mogadishu. Tied to Indian Ocean trade connected East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and East Asia. a massive wall of stone surrounded the city Ethiopia- prospered by trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and the interior of Africa. Spread of Islam in the 7th century. In the 12th century, a new Christian-led kingdom in Ethiopia emerged. AMSCO NOTES Roman Catholic church- divided into 2 branches called the Great Schism. Most powerful institution in Europe. Provided people a shared identity even as different languages, emerged to replace Latin. Education and Art-Church established first universities and most artwork focused on religious them Church and state- Church held great power in the feudal system. Religious leaders called bishops, owed allegiance to the pope, the supreme bishop in rome. Reform-corruption in the catholic church drove reformers such as Martin Luther to take a stand that would shatter the unity of the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century. Roman Catholic church- divided into 2 branches called the Great Schism. Most powerful institution in Europe. Provided people a shared identity even as different languages, emerged to replace Latin. Christian Crusades- Europeans sought to reclaim control of the Holy Land the region of Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Historical Developments Europe was politically fragmented and characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system. Learning Objective Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to 1450. Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. Learning Objective Explain the effects of agriculture on social organization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450. Historical Developments Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom. TOPIC 1.7 Comparisons in the Period from c. 1200 to c. 1450 The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit's key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic. Learning Objective Explain the similarities and differences in the Historical Developments State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in various regions Palestine in the Middle East which also contains spiritual significance to Jews, Christians, and uslims. A series of European military campaigns in the Middle East 1095 and the 1200s. Feudalism- decentralized political organization based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty. Provided security for peasants, equipment for warriors and land for those who served a lord. decentralized monarchies-the cord of feudalism was a system of mutual obligations: a monarch, granting tracts of land, fiefs to lords. In return a lord was the king's vassal, a person who owed service to another person of a higher status. Feudalism-decentralized political organization based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty. Provided security for peasants, equipment for warriors and land for those who served a lord. manorial system- large friends or estates were also referred to as manors which provided economic self-sufficiency and defense. Code of chivalry- an unwritten set of rules for conduct focusing on honor, courtesy and bravery. Manorial system-large friends or estates were also referred to as manors which provided economic self-sufficiency and defense. Three-field system-method of how crops were rotated through 3 fields; one field was planted with wheat or rye, crops that provided food; a second field with legumes or beans made soil more fertile. Manorial system- economic self sufficiency and defense. Many serfs spent the rest of their lives in a single manor since it produced everything they required. AMSCO NOTES State formation from 1200-1450 resulted in the emergence of new states. This when new states arise in land that was once controlled by another empire such as the Mamluk Empire overtaking Abbasid territory, the processes of state formation from c. 1200 to c. 1450 ● Learning Objective Explain the causes and effects of growth of networks of exchange after 1200. As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule. State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach Thematic Focus - Economic Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Historical Developments Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes- including the Silk Roads-promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities Unit 2: Networks of Exchange C. 1200 c. 1450 AP Exam Weighting: 8-10% Topic 2.1 Silk Roads Trading cities: ● Kashgar ● Samarkand Seljuk Empire (formly Abbasid territory) and the Delhi Sultanate (Formly Gupta territory). Throughout state building in the 1200- 1450 there was also revivals of former empires such as new leadership rebuilding a previous empire with new innovations. This could be seen during the Song dynasty which was based off the Han Dynasty or the Mali Empire based on the Ghana Kingdom and the Holy Roman Empire based on the Roman Empire). There was also synthesis of new traditions and culture diffusion as states adapted to foreign ideas to local conditions which could be seen occuring in Japan, China, Delhi Sultanate (Islamic and Hindu) and The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including Neo-Confucianism. State formation also resulted in an existing state expanding its influence through conquest trade or other means. Expansion in scope could be seen in Aztecs in Mesoamerica, Incas in South America, city-states in East Africa and City states in southeast Asia. AMSCO NOTES The silk road was a vast trade network that connected Eurasia and North Africa through land and sea routes. As a result advances in technology and increased political stability due to the increase of trading. • Steppe products traded for agricultural products and manufactured goods from inner Eurasia Constructuction of classical civilizations and empires contributed major players to silk roads trade network, • Increased in trade and range, new technologies: caravanserai promoted trade ● Increased demand for luxury goods in the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the development of money economies. New forms of credit and money economies: Bills of exchange Banking houses Use of paper money Demand for luxury goods increased in AfroEurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China. Afro- Eurasia • Provides unity/ coherence in Eurasia Spread of Buddhism, Islam and Christainity Topic 2.2 The Mongol Empire and the Making of the Modern World Learning Objective Explain the process of state building and decline in Eurasia over time. Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Spread of disease eg: smallpox, measles, malaria and Bubonic Plague (534-750) Historical Developments Empires collapsed in different regions of the world and in some areas were replaced by new imperial states, including the Mongol khanates. Thematic Focus - Economic Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. AMSCO NOTES The Mongols unite Steppe tribes under Gengis Khan rule and establish the largest empire in history from Egypt to Austria to Russia. • Mobility gave the mongols advantage over settled people when expanding empire Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribe into unstoppable force created largest single land empire in history. Decline: sheer distance weakened the huge empire, feuds between khans of the Golden Horde and the Il-khan, too much assimilation Chinggis Khan adopted a complex economic system of long distance trade from China to the Black Sea Learning Objective Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time. Historical Developments The expansion of empires-including the Mongols facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into their conquerors' economies and trade networks. Thematic Focus - Cultural Developments & Interactions (CDI) The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications Learning Objective Explain the significance of the Mongol Empire in larger patterns of continuity and change. Historical Developments Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires, including the Mongols, encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers Topic 2.3 Exchange in the Indian Ocean and also mixed characteristics of the nomadic economy with tax systems Thematic Focus - Economic Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective Historical Developments Expansion of Mongol rule led to silk road flourished (Pax Mongolica) Mongols increased communication Pony express-system of weigh stations with horses and riders quicky relayed information Yam system- passports and identification Cross-cultural interactions: Greco-islamic medical knowledge, numbering systems, uyghur script Khanate known as Technological and cultural transfers: regional kingdoms • Transfer of Greco- Islamic medical knowledge to emerged as a new form of western Europe Transfer of numbering systems to Europe Adoption of Uyghur script Mongols fostered cross-cultural interactions and assimilated to people's cultures that they conquered government Traveling along the Mongol trade routes: cuisine Mongols tolerant of religions AMSCO NOTES ● Indian ocean Explain the causes of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the Indian Ocean, promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities. Learning Objective Explain the effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the use of the compass, the astrolabe, and larger ship designs (junk and dhow ships). The Indian Ocean trading network fostered the growth of states such as: City-states of the Swahili-Coast • Gujarat ● Sultanate of Malacca Thematic Focus - Cultural Developments & Interactions (CDI) The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications Historical Developments In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous cultures and, in turn, indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers, including during Chinese maritime activity led by Ming Admiral Zheng He. Diasporic communities: Arab and Persian communities in East Africa . Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia Malay communities in the Indian Ocean basin Thematic Focus - Humans and the Environment (ENV) The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments. Learning Objective Historical Developments Basin- south asia location the Indian ocean • Spread of Islam, city of Calicut and Cambay became thriving centers of trade due to interactions with merchants from east africa and southwest asia • Increased demand for specialized products . Indian Ocean slave trade . China exported silks and porcelain became coveted worldwide. India became known for high quality of fabric cotton • Advances in maritime technology • Triangular lateen sails, stern rudder, the astrolabe • Knowledge of Explain the role of environmental factors in the development of networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450. The expansion and intensification of long distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge, including advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds. Topic 2.4 Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Thematic Focus - Technology and Innovation (TEC) Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences. Learning Objective Explain the causes and effects of the growth of trans-Saharan trade. Historical Developments The growth of interregional trade was encouraged by innovations in existing transportation technologies. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the trans-Saharan trade network. Technologies encouraging interregional trade: Camel saddle ● Caravans monsoon winds was essential for Indian ocean trade winter months winds from northeast, spring/summer blew southwest. Therefore merchants had to time voyages carefully and was based on the winds ● MSCO NOTES Gold was the most precious commodity traded. Ivory and slave trade was very comon as well. • Expanding role of states: Mali change currency to cowrie shells, cotton cloth, glass beads and salt. Empires expanded their reach to take over resource-rich areas. New cultural influences in western africa. Islam adopted by states belonging to the sphere of the caravan trade by the 11th century. Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Learning Objective Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time. Historical Developments The expansion of empires-including Mali in West Africa-facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication new people were drawn into the economies and trade networks. TOPIC 2.5 Cultural Consequences of Connectivity Thematic Focus - Cultural Developments and Interactions (CDI) The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications. Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the intellectual and cultural effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to c. 1450. Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions, as well as scientific and technological innovations Diffusion of cultural traditions: ● The influence of Buddhism in East Asia The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia The spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia Diffusion of scientific or technological innovations: ● Gunpowder from China Paper from China The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline and periods of increased urbanization, buoyed by rising productivity and 16th cent West afircan cities were islamic centers, conversion to islam Mali- Mansa usa make pilgrimage to Mecca and put his empire rep for wealth on display far and wide. • West Africa Hausa became manufacturing and trading centers, famous for cotton textiles and leather working AMSCO NOTES ● Buddhism came to ● China from India via the Silk Roads Buddhist writers influenced chinese literature by writing the vernacular rather than the formal language of Confucian scholars' practice. Japan and Korea also adopt Buddhism along with Confucianism The sea based empire Srivijaya Empire in Sumatra was a Hindu kingdom while expanding trade networks. As exchange networks intensified, an increasing number of travelers within AfroEurasia wrote about their travels. Travelers: ● Learning Objective Explain the environmental effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to c. 1450. TOPIC 2.6 Environmental Consequences of Connectivity Ibn Battuta Margery Kempe Marco Polo Thematic Focus - Humans and the Environment (ENV) The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments. Historical Developments There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens, with epidemic diseases, including the bubonic plaque, along trade routes. Diffusion of crops: ● Bananas in Africa New rice varieties in East Asia Spread of citrus in the Mediterranean ● ● ● ● Majapahit Kingdom in Java was Buddhist. Buddhist influence was strong under Sinhala dynasties. The Khmer empire had influence of both Kindu and Buddhist culture Spread of Islam culture throughout Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia Sedating tech improves with lateen sails, stern rudder, astrolabe, and magnetic compass Marco Polo-Italian explorer visted the court of Kubali Khan Ibn Battuta Muslim scholar from Morocco Margery Kempe English, wrote The Boom of Margery Kempe which is about her pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Rome, Germany, and Spain. AMSCO NOTES ● champa rice drought resistant, flooding resistant and able of yielding two crops a year. Contributes to China's growing population. Impact on the use of land grown in many parts of China where once land was thought unusable for growing rice. Bananas in Africa led to a spike in population and increased land for cultivation Spread of sugar, citrus and crops in the Mediterraneanused for trading with Europe Bubonic plague killed % of Europe population spread from, south TOPIC 2.7 Comparison of Economic Exchange The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit's key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic. Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the similarities and differences among the various networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450. A deepening and widening of networks of human interaction within. and across regions contributed to cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies. Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes including the Silk Roads-promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the development of money economies. Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity, with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro-Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China. Unit 3: Land-Based Empires C. 1450 1750 AP Exam Weighting: 12-15% Topic 3.1 Empires Expand ● China, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and Europe AMSCO NOTES The trading networks all shared an overall economic purpose: to exchange what people were able to grow or produce for what they wanted, needed or could use to trade for other items. Trade routes gave rise to trading trading cities that held the network together. Differences among networks of exchange, different good were exchanged, different nature of the routes and form of transportation, different technologies inspired, and different religions spread. Eg: silk roads spread Buddhism, neo confucianism, traded silk, tea and porcelain goods; Indian Ocean: traded gold, ivory, quartz and religions spread were Buddhism, Neo Confucianism, Islam and Christianity; Trans-Saharan: spread of Islam, trade horses, books, salt, gold. AMSCO NOTES Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres. Land empires included the Manchu in Central and East Asia; the Mughal in South and Central Asia; the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the Safavids in the Middle East. Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. State rivalries: Safavid-Mughal conflict Songhai Empire's conflict with Morocco Manchu took power in 1644 and establishes the Qing Dynasty ruled until 1911 by taking advantage of rebellion and chaos in the current Ming Dynasty. Chinese territory expanded into Mangolia, Taiwan, Central Asia and Tibet through gunpowder. Mughal Empire was one of the richest and best governed states in the world. Overseas trade flourished, traded textiles, tropical fruits, spices in exchange for gold and silver. Great architecture accomplishments. Greatest leader: Akbar ● Ottoman- largest and longest lasting Islamic empire (1300s) lasted 600 years. expanded in 1453 under leadership of mehmed ii ottoman seized Byzantine Constantinople (which was fortified with three layers of walls) through gunpowder. Change the name of city to Istanbul and since it was at the Nexus of all different trade routes they benefited tremendously. Expanded from modern day Turkey, Europe, North Africa and Southeast Asia. Safavids- rose to power in the 1500s because of their land based military power and strong leadership (use of gun powder). Isfahan made Shia Islam the official religion of his empire in order to unity empire. Fall of gunpowder ● ● ● 3.2 Administration Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Historical Developments Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources Learning Objective Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750. Bureaucratic elites or military professionals: Ottoman devshirme Salaried samurai ● Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule. Religious ideas: Mexica practice of human sacrifice European notions of divine right Songhai promotion of Islam Art and monumental architecture: Qing imperial portraits Incan sun temple of Cuzco ● Mughal mausolea and mosques European palaces, such as Versailles Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion. ● ● Tax-collection systems: ● Mughal zamindar tax collection Ottoman tax farming Mexica tribute lists Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency ● ● ● empires: Failed to modernize ● economy Failed to modernize military ● Europe: Divine Right of Kings: God given right for the king to rule, establishment of the justices if the peace- settle out legal dispute and carried the will of the monarch France rise of AMSCO NOTES absolutism- monarchical system puts absolute power into king has complete authority Ottomans consolidated power through devshirme- Christian boys who were subjects of the empire were recruited by force to served in the Ottoman gov. Developed from an earlier system of slavery Janissaries- most famous group formed elite forces in the ottoman army grew fiercely loyal to the sultans. Ming dynasty brought back the traditional civil service exam, reestablished the bureaucracy, improved education by establishing a national school system. ● Consolidating lower in Japan-organized a lot like feudal Europe. Daimyo land owning aristocracy, samurai warriors that protected the daimyo land, Topic 3.3 Empires: Belief Systems Thematic Focus - Cultural Developments and Interactions (CDI) The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems during the period from 1450 to 1750. The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity. Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi'a. Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between ● ● ● ● Height of consolidation of Japan- Tokugawa shogunate- under leadership of Tokugawa leyasu gov was reorganized to remove power from daimyo and transfer power to the shogun, similarly to Louis xiv required the daimyo to have a double residence one on their land and the second in the capital city Tokyo so Shogun could keep an eye on them. India-Akbar, Mughal empire leader, paid gov officials called zamindars in charge of taxation, construction, and the water supply Rulers legitimize power through: religion, art and architecture Africa Songhai ruler Askia the Great claimed Islam as the official religion of his empire creates a sense for cultural continuity throughout the empire. India- creation of the Taj Mahal, Ottomans- build magnificent mosques eg.Suleymaniye mosque, Louis xiv palace of Versailles AMSCO NOTES ● Roman Catholic Church- grew corrupted because of its own large bureaucracy and the shift of feudalism to centralized gov. Indulgences-selling the absolution for sin ● Simony-selling if Indicate the location of the following empires on this map: Qing Dynasty China (Manchu) Mughal Ottoman Safavids Tokugawa Japan Hinduism and Islam. Land-Based Empires of 1450-1750 ● ● ● ● church offices Martin Luther - challenged the church nailed his charged the 95 Theses to a church door Protestant reformation- spread all throughout Europe spread into Geneva under John Calvin and then further north into Scotland under John Knox Ottoman Empire vs Safavid empire. Ottoman Sunni Safavid=Shia, problem over different forms of Islam and territory Tolerance under Akbar for all religions, Mughal empire AMSCO NOTES land based empire: empires grew as they incorporated lands they conquered. Rulers Legitimize their power by ● implementing policies over a diverse pop.. ● Gunpowder empires begin to decline because they were unable to modernize to compete with European trading companies and had major conflicts with politics and heirs, corrupted leadership. • military might ● was essential for an land based empire. Rulers developed an elite group of soldiers ex: Janissaries, Ghulams, Samurai. Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empire all developed a centralized bureaucracy in order for stability of their empire. • Empires used taxation: Mughal zamindar tax collection, ottoman tax farming, Aztec tribute lists, Ming collection of "hard currency" Rulers strive Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections C. 1450 1750 AP Exam Weighting: 12-15% Topic 4.1 Technological Innovations from 1450 - 1750 Thematic Focus - Technology and Innovation (TEC) Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences. Learning Objective Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750. Historical Developments Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation. The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns-all which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. Innovations in ship design: Caravel Carrack Fluyt European technological developments influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds: Lateen sail Compass Astronomical charts ● AMSCO NOTES ● for legitimacy through the use of: religion, art, and monumental architecture sea Maritime-related to the Europeans benefited from trade on the silk road and Indian ocean but b/c that was under Muslim control Europeans had a very diffcult time establishing trade on their own terms results in finding another way to Asia Europeans inherited accurate records of wind power, detailed astronomical charts, astrolabe, magnetic compass,lateen sail from the Greeks, Asians, and the Muslims Portuguese create a new ship called caravel a ship that was much smaller, highly navigable along coastlines and fast b/c of square and lateen sails, and could carry lots of cargo for trade. Dutch invented new Topic 4.2 Exploration: Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750 Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Learning Objective Historical Developments Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750. New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period. AMSCO NOTES ● ship called the Fluyt: game changer b/c built exclusively for trade so built with much larger cargo based and could carry much more tradable goods, sail these ships with a much smaller crew, built ships for about half the price of the older ships results in the Dutch having a growing competitive advantage in maritime trade. ● State-sponsored exploration for three reasons: Gold, God, and Glory. Gold-background: mercantilism: mercantilist saw the world's wealth like a giant pie; there is only a fixed amount of wealth to be had because wealth was measured in terms of gold; new trading ports = new wealth God-Chritsanity missionary religion; Europeans felt that it was their duty to convert people from foregin land. ● Gunpowder was not the primary way maritime empires grew ● Glory-controlling a large empire more glory; Competition grew Portugal-Empire could only increase overseas due to being neighbors with spain. Bartholomew Diaz 1488 sailed all way around the southern tip of Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states. Historical Developments Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire. Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. ● ● ● Africa Vassco de Gama (10 years after)sailed around the southern tip of Africa and continued to India and claimed as part of Portugal's empire Fransicans-catholic missionaries who worked to convert the Chinese; worked to convert the mass of chinese pop. Jesuits-worked to convert the elite Trading post empire-claimed small amounts of land at strategic locations around the African coast and throughout the Indian Ocean goal: posses a complete monopoly over the spice trade and to charge all other ships passing through the ports that they controlled Spain-sponsored many sea based exploration Ferdinand Magellan- first to circumnavigate the global by goingwast and then south around the tip of south america landed in the Philippines wasn't long before Spain annexed the networks of islands and set up huge trading posts that attracted many Asian merchants. Christian Columbus- initial goal was to seek a new westward route to Asia and to look for gold and silver. Led to Columbus into contact with the Aztec and Inca empires. Topic 4.3 Columbian Exchange Thematic Focus - Humans and the Environment (ENV) The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments. Learning Objective Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Historical Developments The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange. European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas. American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced ● ● ● English- John Cabot- explorer find a northwest passage to Asia so that they didn't have to sail all the way around South America, did not find one, instead claimed all the land from Newfoundland down to Chesapeake Bayfor the English French-established Quebec did not ● establish permanent settlements like the English instead became insteaded in using new territories as trading posts with the natives. Better relations with natives Dutch-1609 Dutch state sent Henry Hudson to find a Northwest Passage to Asia and found the Hudson River, did not find Asia AMSCO NOTES ● Columbian exchange- transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases from the East to the West and from the West to the East Diseases-smallpox- airborne, brought by the Europeans to the natives who never had it before; estimated of killing 50% of the native population labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves Domesticated animals: ● Horses Pigs Cattle Foods brought by African slaves: Okra Rice Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. Topic 4.4 Maritime Empires Established Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750. Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies. Asian states that adopted restrictive or isolationist trade policies: ● ● ● ● ● Malaria, measles and the flu brought death upon the natives Europeans introduced pigs, cows, horses, wheat and grapes into the Americas Mesoamericans introduced: Cacao, Maize, potato increased pop when brought to europe European imported enslaved laborers from Africa b/c Africans knew the land less compared to the natives making it harder to escape Trans-Altantic Slave Trade- Yam/manioc- transferred from places like Brazil into Africa which increases African pop. Environment impact- when Europeans arrived to the Americas started to used the land much more aggressive which lead to large scale deforestation and depletion of the soil and put a greater strain in the water supply and used a lot of pollution b/c they used to live in more densely populated settlements AMSCO NOTES Portuguese set up a trading post empire results in growing exceedingly rich by controlling trade; trading posts established in cooperation with local Afircan leader. Ming China Tokugawa Japan Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750. Historical Developments Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants. Indian Ocean Asian merchants: ● Swahili Arabs Omanis Gujaratis Javanese Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit'a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems. ● Portuguese would give Afirccan leader gunpowder in exchange for enslaved ● ● people Japan isolates from European influence after see growing christian influence within its people Britain-British East India Co.consolidated a lot of power in India Spain- toppled the Aztecs/ Incas 1521- colony of new spain established on the Aztec empire Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)- Porugues controlled all the land east of a certain meridian line along Brazil and Spanish controlled the West of the meridian line ● Indian Ocean Network was not affected by the changes and continued to thrived in Asia Coerced labor- doing labor against one's will ● Hacienda system of labor-spanish gov. Granted land holdings to conquistadors willing to make the journey across the sea. Land was under their control to farm or lease out to other spaniards of lower-class. Lords grew very wealthy Encomienda system-granted responsibility over a specific number of natives and nobles would offer natives protection, education and christianiyty in return natives had to give tribute in the form of labor similar to Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750. Slavery in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions. The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes. Topic 5.1 The Enlightenment Unit 5: Revolutions C. 1750 1900 AP Exam Weighting: 12-15% Thematic Focus - Cultural Developments and Interactions (CDI) The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications. Learning Objective Historical Developments ● ● feudal europe. Mit'a system-spanish borrowed system from the Incas; provided labor for the Incan Empire by compelling certain people to work on certain projects for a given number of days per year Indentured Servitude- people had to work for a certain number of years and then could free; failure b/c people went free after completion of their years Chattel Slavery-owning people as property African states provide their people as slaves for sale in the Atlantic Slave Trade devastated Africa; Europeans targeted African states b/c they weren't enough natives to get the work done since European diseases wiped alot of their population; natives knew land better than the Africans so could escape easily AMSCO NOTES ● Enlightenment- an Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900. Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract. The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments. Nationalism also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires. Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between ● ● ● intellectual movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason to reconsider the accepted ideas and social institutions of the time. Empiricism- (Francis Bacon) reality is discerned through the senses (sight, touch, smell etc) therefore the only way to know the nature of reality is through the senses. This idea took down the old way of knowing truth and reality (revelation ex. The bible) John Locke- two treatises on gov. Argued that the Divine rights of kings was flawed organization of the political hierarchy rather humans are endowed with natural rights like life, liberty and property and those rights are not granted by a king but by virtue of being a human being therefore it s human beings who should have power in the gov. Social Contract- If the people were in the gov. Then they willingly give up some of that power to a gov who is willing to protect their natural rights Nationalism- strong identification of a group of people who share an enthic identity and a language Adam Smith- 1776 wrote the Wealth of Nations critique of the mercantilist economies of Europe argued for LAISSEZ-FAIRE economics french for let along. Gov needed to take their hands of economy these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization. Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time. Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals influenced various reform movements. These reform movements contributed to the expansion of rights, as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom. Demands for women's suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies. Demands: ● Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Olympe de Gouges's Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen Seneca Falls Conference (1848) organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Topic 5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Governance (GOV) A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes. Learning Objective Historical Developments Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900. People around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. This was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity. The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of systems of government and various ideologies, including democracy and 19th-century liberalism. Colonial subjects in the Americas led a series of rebellions inspired by democratic ideals. The American Revolution, and its successful establishment of a republic, the United States of America, was a model and inspiration for a number of the revolutions that followed. The American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements facilitated the emergence of independent states in the Americas. The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents including the American Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution, the French "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" during the French Revolution, and Bolívar's "Letter from Jamaica" on the eve of the Latin American revolutions- ● Religion affect- people began to re examine their relationship with God ● Deism- brand religion during Enlightenment there was a God but does not intervene in history ● Conservatives-against the enlightenment a strong belief in tradition and the shunning of ideology in favor of practical ideas. women - Mary Wollstonecraft, Seneca Falls Convention rally for women's right/suffrage ● AMSCO NOTES ● American Revolution-inspired by democratic ideas, colonies have grown functionally independent of the British crown, declares independence on July 4th 1776, declaration of independence included John Locke's ideas. Social contract and natural rights French Revolution- inspired by the American revolution 1780's French economically damaged King Louis xvi 1789 meeting of the Estates General represented the clergy, nobility and the commoners. Third Estate broke away for not getting enough representation despite making up 98% of the influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals Newly imagined national communities often linked this new national identity with borders of the state, and in some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions. Call for national unification or liberation: ● Propaganda Movement in the Philippines Maori nationalism and the New Zealand wars in New Zealand Puerto Rico-writings of Lola Rodríguez de Tió German and Italian unifications Balkan nationalisms Ottomanism ● ● ● ● ● pop. formed their own representative body called the National Assembly. When Louis xvi heard threatened to arrest leaders of the National Assembly they responded on July 14 1789 stormed the Bastille symbolized monarchical abuse, instant revolts of peasants against their nobles result was significant b/c Louis xvi was forced to accept a new gov. Arrangement that gave significant voice to the National Assembly New doc introduced Declaration Of The Right Of Man and Citizen filled with Enlightenment ideals provided for limited monarchy. Haiti Revolution-few french plantation owners huge pop of enslaved africans working for them National Assembly inspired enslaved pop of Haiti to rise up in the revolution against their masters 1791 Haitian name Toussaint L'Ouverture took charge and led the rebellion against the French Haitians won and established an independent gov 1st successful revolution of enslaved people New Zealand Wars- 1840 Brits established dominance of the natives Maori tribes fought against the British and expel them from their land by 1872 British crushed the rebellion and clapped down even tighter on the Maori Creoles rebelled due to losing huge profits to the peninsulares and passed over the Topic 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins Thematic Focus - Humans and the Environment (ENV) The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments. Learning Objective Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments A variety of factors contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually resulted in the Industrial Revolution, including: Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber Urbanization Improved agricultural productivity Access to foreign resources ● Accumulation of capital ● ● position of authority. Simon Bolivar and the Creoles rose up against Spain successfully and Gran Colombia outlined its values shot through with an enlightenment thumb. Letter of Jamaica Bolivar argued for the necessity of constitutional ● republics of natural rights and deocratic ideals in the governing of Latin America Nationalism led to unification of Italy and Germany Italian Revolution- Italy divide into independent and competing states 1848 Count Cavour led the charge to unify Italy under House of Savoy united under his rule able to united Italy Germany Unification- Prussian leader Otto Von Bismarck engineered three wars that united Germany people under the enemy in 1871 he united them in a nation when he founded the new unified German Empire AMSCO NOTES ● Industrial Revolution Started in England b/c: Proximity to water Raw Materials Productive agriculture (new method of farming known as crop rotation) invention of seed drill ● Urbanization The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor. Topic 5.4 Industrialization Spreads in the Period from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Technology and Innovation (TEC) Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human development and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences Learning Objective Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time. Historical Developments The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions' share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions' share in global manufacturing declined. Decline of Middle Eastern and Asian share in global manufacturing: Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia Iron works in India ● Textile production in India and Egypt As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan. ● ● ● ● ● Protection to property Access to foreign resources from colonies Accumulation of ● capital Development of Factory Systems Richard Arkwright 1769invented the water frame James Hargeaves invented the Spinning Jenny in 1769 birth of factories change methods of production AMSCO NOTES Eli Whitney came up with the notion of Interchangeable Parts mad manufacture of goods not focused on whole products but on the individual parts of the products results in assembly lines in factories. From Britain industrial processes began to spread out into Belgium and France and Germany, the United States, Russia and Japan. Industrialization in the United States- became the most powerful industrial force in the world main reason because of the wave of European immigrants in late 19th and early 20th century settled in urban centers b/c factories needed unskilled laborers to keep their machines working and wanted to pay the next to nothing they hired immigrants Industrialization in Russia-focused Topic 5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective Explain how technology shaped economic production over time. Historical Developments The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to take advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies. The "second industrial revolution" led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century. Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration. ● AMSCO NOTES ● heavily on the building of railroads. In the late 19th century he constructed the trans-siberian railroad Moscow to Pacific ocean. Increased trade with eastern states like China. Expansion of the steel industry. Industrialization in Japan-wanted to industrialize in order to make themselves viable in the new world order in order to prevent western power from destroying their traditions and culture. Ship building in India and Southeast Asia- severe decline, ironworks decline Steam engines invented by James Watt factory depend on watering water steam engines to make it possible to build factories anywhere. Also effect transportation such as Steamships trade in all industrialized nations increased as a result. Locomotives- transported ● First industrial revolution-mid 18th century to the id 19th century. Majors in steam, iron, and textiles large amount of goods. Big boom in trade. ● Second Revolution- United States, Great Britain, Germany Majored in steel, gas, communication Steel-bessemer process gave people the ability to make Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization C. 1750 1900 AP Exam Weighting: 12-15% Topic 6.4 Global Economic Development from 1750 to 1900 Humans and the Environments (ENV) The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments. Learning Objective Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods. Resource export economies: Cotton production in Egypt Rubber extraction in the Amazon and the Congo basin ● The palm oil trade in West Africa The guano industries in Peru and Chile Meat from Argentina and Uruguay Diamonds from Africa ● mass quantities of steel. Gas- mid 18002 oil drilled all over the placed; refined and separated into kerosene and gasoline Communication- telegraph (Samuel Morse) sends pulses of electricity in long bursts at long distances. New technology consequences; increase of trade, new waves of migration AMSCO NOTES imperial powers needed more raw materials and more food to feed urban population Agriculture- before imperialism Africa engaged in Subsistence Farming only grew enough of them to live off. When English arrived switched to cash crop a crop that grown for sale at distant market, coffee, sugar, rubber Meat from Argentina and Uruguay used of guano to export to Topic 6.5 Economic Imperialism from 1750 to 1900 Thematic Focus - Economics Systems (ECN) As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services. Learning Objective Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments Industrialized states and businesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in Asia and Latin America. Industrialized states practicing economic imperialism: Britain and France expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars The construction of the Port of Buenos Aires with the support of British firms Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct economic advantage. Commodities that contributed to European and American economic advantage: Cotton grown in South Asia and Egypt and exported to Great Britain and other European countries Opium produced in the Middle East or South Asia and exported to China ● Europe. Raw materials were provided by colonies such as cotton 80% of cotton for British textiles imported from America decreased because of civil war, leds to cotton ● production in Egypt Rubber crucial material from the Amazon South America Diamonds from Africa exporting 90% of diamonds from Africa Resulted in an increasingly interconnected global economy ● Second consequence narrowing and weakening of the colonial economy ● Palm oil west Africa used as lubricant for factory machine turned into cash crop AMSCO NOTES economic imperialism one country has significant economic power over another country Asia-India - British East India Company Britain in India results in their export economy (India) being made up of mostly cotton China-British demanded huge quantities of porcelain, silk, and tea import all these goods. Chinese were not as interested in British goods. Results in the creation of Topic 6.6 Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World Palm oil produced in sub-Saharan Africa and exported to European countries Copper extracted in Chile Humans and the Environments (ENV) The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments. Learning Objective Explain how various environmental factors. contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living. Because of the nature of new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century. The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies. Return of migrants: Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific Lebanese merchants in the Americas Italian industrial workers in Argentina Migrants: Irish to the United States British engineers and geologists to South Asia and Africa Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work. ● ● Opium Chinese got addicted to solving the trade deficit. Results in the opium wars 1839 Britain won conflict take over China economically Sphere of influence- France, Germany, Russia, United States all got exclusive trading rights 19th century South America- Monroe ● Doctrine-Western Hemisphere belongs to the United States. No european intervention. Investments of industries, railroads, meat packing, guano extraction, mining wanted export of manufactured goods Spain- Chile export economy made up one third of their copper AMSCO NOTES migration through labor systems- increase of demand for labor in cash crop plantations, became Indentured Servants ● Indentured Servitude attracted poor laborers agreement allowed to work a number of years to pay for their passage to the new land. Migrants influenced the culture of the receiving country. Indians travel to Fiji Trinidad and Mauritius ● Contact labor- British brought Chinese and Indian workers who would agree to work The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration, including slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor. Topic 6.7 Effects of Migration Thematic Focus - Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.. Historical Developments Migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men. Learning Objective Explain how and why new patterns of migration affected society from 1750 to 1900. Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world that helped transplant their culture into new environments Migrant ethnic enclaves: ● Chinese in Southeast Asia the Caribbean, South America, and North America Indians in East and Southern Africa the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia Irish in North America Italians in North and South America Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders. Regulation of immigrants: . ● ● ● ● ● for very low wages Penal colony- France established penal colonies in Devils Island Migration in the face of challenge: forms diaspora Diaspora a scattered population whose ● origin lies in a different geographic location ● Lots in poverty in India leads to migration Accept indentured servitude for the hope of better opportunities elsewhere AMSCO NOTES Irish Roman Catholic fleas for religion as well as potato famine went to the United States Settler colonies- migrated to extent industrialization and western tech ● women take on greater roles and a stronger voice because migrants were often men Ethnic Enclave- influence culture of receiving society. Malaya Chinese immigrants ran opium farms in the americas constructed railroads, California gold rush Indian enclaves signed on to the British system of indentured servitude, South Africa Kangani- system sent whole families to work in Malaya, often Topic 6.8 Causation in the Imperial Age The final topic in this unit focuses on the skill of argumentation and so provides an opportunity for your students to draw upon the key concepts and historical developments they have studied in this unit. Using evidence relevant to this unit's key concepts, students should practice the suggested skill for this topic. Learning Objective Explain the relative significance of the effects of imperialism from 1750 to 1900. ● Chinese Exclusion Act White Australia policy ● The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. As states industrialized, they also expanded existing overseas empires and established new colonies and transoceanic relationships. The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. As a result of the emergence of transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy, migration patterns changed dramatically, and the numbers of migrants increased significantly ● ● ● ● given more freedom Irish enclaves-settle in urban areas and took up low wage factory work, canal building. Develop a strong voice in the improvement of labor conditions, spread of Catholicism AMSCO NOTES ● Italian enclaves- migrant to United States and Argentina, influence of Italian language in Argentina Migrants took jobs with lower wages than the native people Chinese exclusion act 1882 ban of immigration Increase in the availability, affordability and variety for capital and there was an increased demand for more natural resources. Increased in competition for foreign markets to increase production, increased empire building. 19th century imperialism also ● ● ● ● ● ● leads to migration, rise of independence movements in ● colonies, increased political and economic rivalry among Western European nations Overseas expansion as industrialized economies looked to increase exports of their products, desire to increase exports causes economic rival Raw materials were provided by colonies such as cotton 80% of cotton for British textiles imported from America decreased because of civil war, leds to cotton production in Egypt Rubber crucial material from the Amazon South America Palm oil west Africa used as lubricant for economy ● economic factory machine turned into cash crop Resulted in an increasingly interconnected global imperialism- one country has significant economic power over another country migration through labor systems- increase of demand for labor in cash crop plantations, became Indentured Servants Indentured Servitude attracted poor laborers agreement allowed to work a number of years to pay for their passage to the new land. Migrants influenced the culture of the receiving country.Migration in the face of challenge: forms diaspora Diaspora a scattered population whose origin lies in a different geographic location