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Serbia. German invasion of Belgium (Schlieffen Plan)- Germany wanted to launch a quick surprise attack on France and invaded Belgium to invade France- this upset G. Britain, who promised to protect Belgium's neutrality Battle of Verdun- longest battle of WW1; Germany wanted to 'bleed France dry' by attacking a symbolic fortress; French repulsed a major German offensive and became a symbol of French determination; EFFECTS French led by Philippe Pétain, and this is the battle where he became well-known and well-liked by the French, eventually becoming chief of state in France in 1940. Battle of Somme- battle remembered for the debut of tanks; British and French planned to achieve victory against Germans, and did achieve that but it was very costly; one of the bloodiest battles and depicted the horrors of war; a 1916 documentary was made about it (The Battle of the Somme), which was a great success. Gallipoli Campaign- failed attempt by Allies to capture the Ottoman Empire capital (Constantinople), attempt to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war, alongside buying time for Russia US enters war in 1918 due to the sinking of the Lusitania by Germany, defying their restricted submarine warfare promise, and the interception of the Zimmerman Telegram Christmas Truce- 1914 on Christmas Eve; German and French agreed to not fight for one night and to hang out; became BFFs essentially and could not fight each other anymore Paris Peace Conference- conference held in the wake of the war to determine what should happen; Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, George Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando attended Treaty of Versailles- Peace treaty which ended WW1, Germany was punished immensely and this set the stage for WW2 Severe Inflation- German government printed more money to pay reparations and war debt, the value of their currency drastically decreased, and inflation gripped Germany harshly Treaty of Versailles also caused resentment and hate to build up in Germany, specifically at the Allies due to feeling backstabbed and very hurt Countries in the west started to swing towards fascism, such as Italy (Mussolini) and Germany (Hitler) CAUSES EVENTS The Middle East came under control of France and Britain due to the League of Nations mandate system; German territories were transferred to various victorious nations of WW1, and India and Africa continued to be controlled by European nations WWII WW1 and the Treaty of Versailles (paying off war debt -> severe inflation, Germany having to take on the full blame and abide by many restrictions-->feeling backstabbed-->hate, resentment) set the stage for the Nazi party to take control of Germany Appeasement- a policy that Great Britain specifically adopted- giving into a country's demands to keep the peace; Other countries also constantly turned a blind eye to Germany after breaking terms of the Treaty of Versailles and doing some questionable things Kristallnacht- "Night of Broken Glass" Night of Nov. 9th-10th 1938, when Nazis attacked Jewish people and their property throughout Europe; caused by hostility and resentment in the atmosphere concerning Jews, and the tension soon erupted after a German diplomat was assassinated by a Jewish teen; 250 synagogues and 7500 Jewish stores were destroyed; Hitler blamed the destruction on Jews, saying they had riots and used this opportunity to take guns away from them Munich Conference- September 1938; Conference to settle the dispute between Czechoslovakia and Germany over the Sudetenland, French Premier Daladier, Hitler, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met while Czechoslovakia waited outside. Munich Agreement was established- permitted the annexation of the Sudetenland as long as Hitler didn't use military force to take over more land Pearl Harbor- Japanese launched a surprise attack on a US naval base with bombers, torpedo bombers, and midget submarines; 20 American ships and 300 planes were destroyed, 2000 people were killed Battle of Stalingrad- one of the greatest battles during WW2 that heavily weakened Germany's military, stopped German advance into the Soviet Union and turned the tide in favor of Allies Battle of Coral Sea- May 4th to 8th 1942; US turned back a Japanese fleet headed for New Guinea, was described as 'the first major engagement in naval history in which surface ships did not exchange a single shot' Battle of Midway Island- turning point of the war; 6 months after Pearl Harbor; naval battle fought with primarily aircraft, America's first battle won against Japan; Japan lost 4 aircraft carriers and thousands of experienced pilots, this battle prevented the Japanese from invading Hawaii Battle of Guadalcanal- Aug. 1942; 1st major US offensive; 6000 US marines took island; 36,000 Japanese could not defeat the US marines; battle in campaign to liberate Pacific from Japanese occupation D-Day- June 6th, 1944- Allied forces invaded northern France through Normandy, and was a major turning point in war; this is when Nazi control really started to falter Battle of the Bulge- Last major Nazi offensive; hidden tank army in Ardennes; tried to follow through on Hitler's plan to destabilize Allies, though instead it ruined the German army because of the heavy losses- preventing any future attacks on the Allies for Germany; Patten saved the day by pushing the army back significantly though was denied fuel he needed to get to Berlin Operation Barbarossa- German invasion of USSR that ran into Russian winter, scorched earth Battle of Kursk- largest tank battle in history; failed German assault on Russian city Kursk; Hitler's failure in Russia complete, and it is the beginning of the end for Hitler Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki- The US dropped 2 atomic bombs on Japan; First "Little Boy" on Hiroshima on Aug. 6th 1945, killing 100,000 and wounding 70,000; 3 days later, on Aug. 9th 1945, "Fat Man" was dropped on Nagasaki, killing 40,000 and wounding 40,000 (though it was not as destructive as the first bomb, due to not being dropped in the center and because of Nagasaki's mountainous terrain) VJ Day- when Russia declared war on Japan and Japan finally surrendered; September 2nd, 1945 VE Day- when Germans surrendered; May 8th 1945 Atlantic Charter- FDR and Churchill secretly meet up to discuss goals on both sides regarding the war and talk about US entry into said war; August 1941 Battle of Atlantic- Bombing (Blitz) failing to get Britain out of war, so Germany turns to ocean; Sept. 3rd, 1939- May 8th, 1945; contest between Western Allies and Axis Powers to take control of the Atlantic Resulted in around 75 million deaths- mostly civilians; bloodiest war in human history It changed how people thought of racism, colonial empires, and international relations EFFECTS Provided context for a fierce ideological battle between the US and Soviet Union; Cold War United Nations was created; League of Nations was promptly ended Japan and Europe was in shambles and had to rebuild Prompted a communist movement in China, which eventually achieved power Shift of power away from western Europe- towards the US and the Soviet Union Ended the Great Depression