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arts are still practiced in their respective regions today. Eastern and Western Civilizations -Eastern Civilizations: • India witnessed a flowering of Hindu and Buddhist cultures, which spread throughout much of South and Southeast Asia. AW • China saw the emergence of great philosophers, who set the tone for much of Chinese tradition and thought. - Western Civilizations: • The Greeks applied reason to inquire about nature and the human condition, laying the foundation or most of western culture. • The Romans spread Greek culture throughout Western Europe, and left a legacy of language, laws, and Christianity. India Classical Era/Period/Age (600 BCE- 900 CE) Period of time in which complex civilizations expanded to establish large land empires and were more interconnected through trade than earlier civilizations. These civilizations made great contributions to our collective learning as a result of golden ages marked by prosperity. Most of the major belief systems that still impact our world were established during this time. Periodization the process or study of dividing the past into periods of time and naming them Sometimes when historians engage in periodization, the ways they divide up the time and the labels they give them has an effect on the way people think about that era and what happened during it. Aim: What were the historical circumstances that led to the development of classical civilizations in India? India's Location and Geography Indus River Raning Kutch har besert Arabian Sea Indo-Gangetic Plain Himalayas Ganges River Vindhyas Sarpurat Deccan Platea Lakshadweep Is 3 Cardamomt Indian Ocean Eastern Gha Chota Nagpur Sundarbant Bay of Bengal Nilgiris And Nic Historically, the area referred to as "India" was larger than the country today and included the land northwest of the Indus River Valley which is now part of Pakistan. • India is sometimes referred to as a "subcontinent" because it is large and juts out from Asia into the Indian Ocean. Which continent is India located on? • India is a modern-day country located in the region of Asia known as South Asia. Why many India's civilizations began in Indo-Gangetic Plain? • The Indo-Gangetic Plain is home to India's most important rivers. It is a vast area of fertile soil where many of India's civilizations began. The Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1700 BCE) After the fall of the Indus River Valley civilization, new settlements called the Vedic Civilization took root in India. Some scholars believe that the people who founded these civilizations migrated into India from the northwest. Several small kingdoms and tribes, which were often at war with each other, merged to form a few large ones. Hinduism •The belief system that dominates India today, Hinduism, developed at this time. The most important texts of Hinduism including the Vedas and the Mahabharata (a part of which is called the Bhagavad Gita) Buddhism •In 537 B.C.E., another major belief system, named Buddhism, was founded by a prince. Buddhism is related to named Siddhartha Gautama (later known as "Buddha") in India Hinduism but rejects many of Hinduism's most important beliefs. Buddhism was embraced by the Maurya Empire and spread throughout Asia. Which historical turning point led to the creation of permanent settlements in India? • The first confirmed permanent settlements of humans in India appeared 9000 years ago and by 5100 BCE, people in the Indus Valley were farming and establishing permanent settlements. Where did the first civilization in India develop? •The Indus River Valley Civilization was the first civilization in India. It developed along the Indus River on the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The civilization was well-known for sophisticated cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro that included a grid street pattern and drainage systems. Aim: What was the Indian Ocean Complex and how did it affect India and the other civilizations connected by it? Which continents were connected through the Indian Ocean Complex? •The Silk Roads and Trans-Saharan Trade Routes were connected through the Indian Ocean Complex. Also Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa. Their routes were all linked to East Asia (particularly China) and Middle East. Describe the Indian Ocean Complex? •Indian ocean complex was surrounded by Asia to the north. The trade routes were connected in southeast Asia, India, Arabia and east Africa. The trade routes linked all of the areas and china. Word Prefix and Root Meaning of Prefix and Root India: Hinduism Polytheism J Poly Dharma Two or More → Karma + Theism "having to do with god" Mono One Trans-Saharan Timb Trade Routes Mediterranean Sea Complex N What are monsoons? And how did monsoons help sailors trade in the Indian Ocean complex? Monsoon is the traditionally a seasonal that is Monsoon plays a predominant role in the daily life of the people of South Asia. The use of monsoon wind in the Indian Ocean for maritime trade was a boon to the sailing ships to reach overseas countries. The flow of wind and current was favourable for setting sail for both onward and return journey. + MONSOON WINDS C INDIAN OCEAN Monotheism Zimbabw Moscow Theism "having to do with god" Meca Mogadisc Mombasa Woheman Indian Ocean Complex Silk Roads Non Key Cores" of the system Towns (with relative sizes) Main maritime routes Main overland roads Non-theistic None N Aim: What are some basic beliefs and practices of Hinduism and how does Hinduism impact the lives of its followers? •Hinduism is a polytheism, believe in thousands of god. •Hinduism is a belief system that originated in the Indus River Valley. .There is no single founder or date of the belief system's creation because it is based on the beliefs and practices of a diverse group of people who added to the religion over thousands of years. + Theistic "having to do with god" Why do people refer to Hinduism as a way of life' or 'a family of religions'? •Since Hinduism has been compiled from so many different belief systems throughout its history, some people refer to it as 'a way of life' or 'a family of religions' rather than a single religion. There are, however, some unifying concepts. → Brahman → Reincarnation → Caste •Hinduism's sacred (religious/holy) text is the Vedas, a collection of hymns (poems/songs) and ritual texts (practices) that were compiled over a long period of time from different authors. Hindu Concept of God(s) •It is estimated that Hinduism includes more than 33,000 deities (gods). • Each god has its own story, personality, and responsibilities. • Though there are many gods, they are seen by many Hindus as different forms of the same god, called the "ultimate reality," or Brahman. Some people consider Hinduism to be a monotheistic religion •Statue of the God Vishnu showing his "universal form" in the Bhagavad Gita, demonstrating that Hinduism can be viewed as both polytheistic and monotheistic. Caste A caste is a social class in Hinduism that is determined by one's actions in their previous life that one can only move out of through the process of reincarnation. •The four major castes in Hinduism are in the chart below. Not listed is a group called the Dalits, or "Untouchables." Who are considered the lowest in society and required to do "unclean work." BRAHMINS priests KSHATRIYAS warriors • Reincarnation is the idea that the individual soul (atman) is reborn in a different form after death and continues to be reborn until the soul achieves "union with Brahman," also known as moksha. An illustration of the passage of one soul from one cycle of death and rebirth to another. 00 •The untouchables did all the dirty work and carried out the miserable tasks associated with disease and pollution, such as cleaning up after funerals, dealing with sewage, and working with animal skin. India: Buddhism Aim: What are some basic beliefs and practices of Buddhism and how does Buddhism impact the lives of its followers? Aryans Non-Aryans VAISYAS herders, farmers, merchants, craftspeople Dharma Dharma is one's duty according to their caste. Each caste has jobs they are supposed to perform and rules they are supposed to follow. •One is not supposed to do the duty of another's caste. SUDRAS farm workers, servants, laborers Karma •Karma is the sum of one's good and bad actions during life. If one follows their dharma (duty), then they will have good karma. If one does not follow their dharma, they will have bad karma. Reincarnation SEGUND •Buddhism is a non-theistic, rejected the idea of creator of god. •Buddhism is a belief system that originated in India in the mid-400s BCE. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, better known as the Buddha (the Enlightened One) who was born a prince in northeastern India, around 480 BCE, but then devoted his life to finding answers to spiritual questions. What is Buddhism's holy text? Buddhism's sacred text is called the Tripitaka, or Three Baskets of Wisdom, and is made up of the teachings of Buddha as they were passed down over generations. Buddhism originated from a time and place that was dominated by Hinduism. As a result, the two belief systems share some concepts, but differ in others. The major beliefs and concepts of Buddhism are: →Reincarnation → Enlightenment → Nirvana • The Four Noble Truths →The Eightfold Path Rejection of the Caste System Why are there similarities between Buddhism and Hinduism? They both have dharma, believe in karma, moksha and reincarnation. • Practice meditation, yoga, and mantra (although in different ways) Why do you think Buddhism rejected the Caste System? • He believed that all people, no matter the caste, could achieve and they also believe that the world is a place of sadness and suffering, which people wish to escape from. • Do not want any influence from other religions. • Have their own social class system based on wealth. • Practice acceptance and tolerance of all people They believe that the caste system promotes poor karma. Philosophy or Religion? •Refer to it as a "belief system" which includes both religions and philosophies. •Those who argue that Buddhism is a philosophy note that there is no worship of gods in the beliefs and practices associated with Buddhism. •Their spiritual journey is guided by their own determination and their teacher. Reincarnation, Enlightenment, and Nirvana • Buddhists believe that there is escape from the cycle of reincarnation. For Buddhists, the goal of spiritual life is to reach "nirvana" after death. -Nirvana, in Sanskrit, means "blown out," as in a candle. It is the state of a still and empty mind Similar to moksha that Hindus strive for *This can be accomplished reaching a state of enlightenment like the Buddha did through intense meditation. The Middle Path • Instead, it was the Middle Path, sometimes called the Middle Way. •Buddha's teachings are meant to lead his followers down the Middle Path to enlightenment. Four Noble Truths Buddha taught four principles that he believed to be true. They are called the Four Noble Truths. Put simply they are: 1. The Noble Truth of Suffering: Life is suffering. 2. The Noble Truth of the Cause of Suffering: Suffering is caused by desire. 3. The Noble Truth of the Cessation [Stopping] of Suffering: To end suffering, one must end desire. 4. The Noble Truth of the Path: To end suffering, follow the Eightfold Path. Eightfold Path •Buddhism's fourth Noble Truth states, "To end suffering, follow the Eightfold Path." The Eightfold Path describes how one should act to eliminate desire and thus suffering. The Eightfold Path is the moral code of conduct for Buddhists, similar to the Ten Commandments in Judaism and Christianity. ."The Wheel of Life" is a common symbol of Buddhism. It represents the cycle of reincarnation. There are eight spokes in the wheel representing the Eightfold Path. 4 Trade, Prosperity, and Wealth →Stepwell Architecture China Mathematics - a close approximation of the value of (pi) - advances in trigonometry - the use of negative numbers - the use of decimal points 000 Am • What are China's geographic features? Practice Say nothing to The Yellow River, H imalaya Mountains, Taklamakan Desert, Yangtze River, Gobi Desert. Rejection of the Caste System • Buddhism started in a region of the world where Hinduism dominated, but Buddha rejected a major part of Hindu society: the caste system. Buddha taught that anyone, regardless of their place in society, could achieve enlightenment if they realized the Four Noble Truths and followed the Eightfold Path. Ashoka the Great •The In 269 B.C.E. Ashoka Maurya inherited the throne of the Mauryan Empire in India. →Continue to conquer in other kingdoms in brutal wars and expand the empire. •Went to war against the rulers of a section of India called Kalinga. meditation. hurt others. Know the Control your thoughts. truth. B A 0 Teachings of Siddhartha Gautama Resist evil. Golden Age • Are periods of great wealth, prosperity, stability, and cultural and scientific achievement. Standardized Money The Eightfold Path 600 Ashoka's armies won the Kalinga War in which, according to historical sources, 100,000 people • Were killed and 150,000 people were forced to leave their homes. → As he stated in one of his edicts, Ashoka "felt profound sorrow and regret" for the "slaughter, death, and deportation" his war caused. • Ashoka converted to the peaceful religion of Buddhism. Based all of his government policies on Buddhist teachings. •Had his new laws inscribed on rocks and stone pillars that were put up in public places throughout the empire. Known as Ashoka's Rock and Pillar Edicts. C KSHATRI mind of evil. BRAHMINS Work for the good of others herders, mers, merchants SUDRAS workers, servants, labor Respect life. P A. Taklamakan Desert • The Taklamakan desert is a sandy desert located on the western border of China. • Merchants created trade routes on the northern and southern borders of the desert Became important parts of the Silk Roads during the classical era, connecting in the Middle East and Europe. B. Himalaya Mountains • The Himalaya Mountains separate the Indian subcontinent from China and they are the tallest mountain range in the world • Mount Everest is the tallest peak at 29,029 ft. →Having a natural defense for protection, climatic barriers, and rivers Negative • China and India will cause poor access to trade with other nations and vegetation. Can't contract with other countries and they will be isolated. C. Gobi Desert The Gobi Desert separates China from Mongolia Made up of mostly bare rather than sand • It eats away the space that was fit for agriculture and creates unbridled sandstorms that are near the edge of the desert • D. Yellow River • It is called the Yellow River because it passes through a section of • China where the soil is loess, a fine, wind-blown dust with a yellow color that blows into the river Carried downstream. •The river has also been called "China's Sorrow" because its floods are unpredictable • Chinese civilization started in the fertile valley of the Yellow River and major Chinese cities E. Yangtze River • Yangtze has been used for irrigation for agriculture and transportation. •Today, the river is a major part of China's economy. • Ancient civilizations developed around the Yangtze River →The most successful civilizations in China were established on the banks of the more fertile Yellow River. Warring States Period (475-221 BCE) • China was divided between seven major states who were fighting one another for power • Warring States period ended when Shi Huangdi and his force defeated the other states Unified the people of China under the Qin Dynasty Terracotta Army • In 1974, workers digging a well outside of the city of Xi'an in China uncovered the enormous burial chamber of the Qin Dynasty emperor • The burial chamber, clay soldiers, horses, and other figures were created to accompany Shi Huangdi into the afterlife • When Shi Huangdi died in 210 BCE, he and everything in the burial chamber were buried. • The emperor was so obsessed with nobody knowing the location of his tomb that his son had all the artisans and workers that constructed it buried alive The Great Wall of China After ending the Warring States Period and unifying China Shi Huangdi ordered the joining of several earlier walls on China's . northern border be unified and into a single system of walls to protect the empire from attacks from the north 400,000 people died during the wall's construction and many of them were buried within the wall itself. Legalism • Was a school of Chinese philosophy that grew popular during the turbulent Warring States The Legalists believed that human beings are inh.erently selfish and short-sighted Social harmony is achieved through strict laws, strong central control and absolute obedience to authority. Legalists advocated for a government that handed out strict punishments and rewards for specific behaviors. → They stressed the direction of all human activity toward the goal of increasing the power of the ruler and the state. . China: Confucianism AW • Confucianism is a belief system that was founded by Confucius (sometimes referred to as Kongzi, • Kong Fuzi, or K'ung Fu-tzu) in China in the 400s BCE. Confucianism's sacred text is called The Analects and contains the teachings of Confucius. Believe that we should strive for peace and harmony with OTHERS IN SOCIETY. • Confucius was not as interested in the big mysteries of existence such as the origin or the universe, God, or the afterlife. • According to Confucianism, this peace, harmony, and social order can be achieved through the proper behavior of each member of a family or society by following these three concepts: →Five Constants: humaneness, justice, proper rite, knowledge, and integrity Filial Piety: virtue of respect for one's father, elders, and ancestors → Five Relationships: Particular duties arise from one's particular situation in relation to others. What was the context for the founding of Confucianism? • Confucius is thought to have lived from 551-479 BCE during the so-called Spring and Autumn Period when China's Zhou Dynasty was gradually splitting up. • This later turned into the Warring States period before China was unified again in around 200 BC. Confucius was born in the state of Lu • Different states were competing with each other for power. Confucius saw morality deteriorating and the aristocracy [wealthy people] turning their back on the traditions the Zhou Dynasty. • Confucius viewed the Zhou as a kind of Golden Age. Confucius felt he had a mission to return China to its former glory, to return to the way of the Dao. ● Confucius felt that people in his age had lost true respect for the established rituals and Norma of society and merely carried out the formalities without really understanding the true essence. The Warring States of China c. 260 BCE Zhao Qin Nanheng Wei S ww v Yan Qi Calung Yong Kanyang Han Chen Danyang Gulf of Chu Shoutun Lin What are the major beliefs and practices of Confucianism? Filial Piety- the idea that people should respect their parents and elders. Confucius believed that filial piety should be the basis for structure in families and society. Five Relationships Yellow Sea