The Industrial Revolution in England began in Great Britain and marked the transition to new manufacturing processes, moving from small shops and homes to large factories. It was fueled by natural resources such as coal, iron, and cotton used for mass production. Technological advancements, improved agriculture, and urbanization were the key causes of this revolution.
Industrial Revolution in England Timeline
The period of industrialization brought significant social and economic change, transforming human groups into industrial societies for manufacturing purposes. Urbanization saw movement of people from rural farms to cities in Europe and North America. Rich landowners began enclosing large farms, leading to job losses for farm laborers.
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
The textile industry was the main industry of the Industrial Revolution, and living conditions during this time were appalling. Lack of sanitation, housing, education, pollution, overcrowding, and long working hours characterized this era. Child labor was widespread, and labor unions were formed to bargain for better pay and working conditions.
Working Conditions during the Industrial Revolution
Working conditions were very poor, with factories being poorly ventilated, poorly lit, and dangerous due to the machinery. Children were often abused and paid very little for their work, leading to terrible working and living conditions, dangerous factories, mines, and pollution. However, there were also positive effects such as new technologies, increased population, and the creation of labor unions.
Imperialism refers to the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. It was driven by the need for natural resources, desire for new markets, investment opportunities, and the spread of Western Civilization. The Open Door Policy favored open trade, and the British used opium to make the Chinese dependent before winning the Opium War.
Causes and Effects of Imperialism
Imperialism was driven by a variety of factors including the need for natural resources, desire for new markets, and investment opportunities. The British exploited Indian diversity to conquer India, leading to the Sepoy Rebellion and the taiping Rebellion, which devastated the Qing dynasty and caused the deaths of millions of Chinese people. The Treaty of Nanjing saw Great Britain make China accept the terms, gaining Hong Kong and a huge payment.
In summary, the Industrial Revolution in England and Imperialism had profound effects on society and the economy. They led to significant changes in manufacturing, urbanization, living and working conditions, and the global political landscape. While they brought about advancement and progress, they also resulted in exploitation, abuse, and devastating conflicts.
