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believed O Hitler became the leader of the National Socialist German Worker's Party, also known as the Nazi Party O Hitler gathered enough support to lead a coup against Germany's government, the Weimar Republic, in 1923 Mein Kampf ● ● ● ● Hitler's coup failed, and he was sentenced to 9 months in prison O While in prison, Hitler wrote a Mein Kampf Mein Kampf: O O O Hitler's Solutions: O Expand German lands O Elimination of "impure" races Autobiography Detailed his plan of how to solve Germany's problems Hitler gave every couple a copy of his Mein Kmpf on their wedding day O Creating a German dictatorship When Hitler was released from prison, he continued to give fiery speeches that ignited the German people Support for Hitler Grows ● Germany's democratic governmental system was called the Weimar Republic ● Hlter lashed out against the Weimar Republic, and many Germans began to support hitler. Hitler made many promises to the German people O Economy O O Strength O O Blame Offered solutions for Germany's economic problems Promised to make germany a powerful country in Europe and the world United the German people against the Jews by blaming the Jews for Germany's problems Protection O Nationalism Terror ■ Increased Germany's military and weapon production, promising the German people he could protect them Called for an increase in Germany's lands After becoming dictator, Hitler banned all other political parties and sent those who spoke against him to concentration camps Nazi Party wins the Reichstag Timeline ● (1932) Nazi pary wins teh majority of the vote (37%) in teh Reichtag, the German parlement (1933) Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany Hitler begins to turn Germany into a fascist state O Hiter starts to pass laws to chase Germany's constitution WHY IS THIS ALLOWED?! O The reichstag building is set on fire, and Hitler blamed the communists O An emergency decree is put in place that suspends civil liberties Many now think Hitler was behind the fire, so he could convince the german government to put the emergency decree in place O With the emergency decree, hitler is able to gain sole control of the legislature. ● Hitler is now a dictator. O Germany Is A Fascist State ● With Hitler dictator of Germany, he has total control Fascist State: A fascist state is a country that has a strong central government controlled by the military and led by a dictator. Hitler bans all other political parties o Anyone who spoke out aginst Hitler or his Nazi Party were terrorized by private, armed groups O Opponents were sent to concentration camps O The first concentration camp was in Dachau, Germany, and it housed political opponents O Opponents were not just other political parties. Even opponents within the Nattzi Party were terrorized and sent to camps. Hitler soon faced no opposition Germany Becomes Aggressive ● With Hitler dictator of Germany and no opposition he begins to expand the German Empire Hitler began to violate the Treaty of Versailles O Rebuilds military and increases weapons O Stops paying reparations O Expands German lands Appeasement O Great Britain and France were aware of Hitler's actions but look the other way to avoid another conflict O Hitler became more aggressive and annexed Austria and took over part of Czechoslovakia in 1938 O They hoped that Hitler would become satisfied with gaining some land and stop. O German Empire Expands ● Once Hitler invaded Poland, the German army quickly took over most of Europe using a lightning war called a Blitzkrieg . By the end of 1940, most of Europe was under Hitler's control Hitler not only wanted to conquer all of Europe, he wanted to rid europe of "impure" races O O World War II Hitler saw that Great Britain and France were not going to stop him, so he invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, which started World War II He blamed Jews for germany's problems He also targeted groups of people he considered inferior for the New Germany Romas Slavs ■ ● ■ Mentally disabled ■ Physically disabled ■ And more... Jehovah's Witnesses (religion) September 1939 - September 1945 ● Most geographically widespread military conflict • Approximatley 55 million people died, 40 million MORE than WWI Most countries involved in the war were against the Axis Power O Germany ● O Italy O Japan Treaty of Versailles Causes of WWII ● Germany Had to: ● Signed to end WWI ● Severe consequences for germany ● Could be the largest factor in the outbreak of WWI What was so wrong with it? Causes o Accept full blame for WW1 O Give up colonie and land O Pay reparations to other countries Which lead to: O Severe economic stress on Germany O German money was almost worthless O German people were starving The Great Depression • Began with stock market crash (oct 29, 1929) through 1939 Many countries economies were struggling - not just Germany People around the world were out of work with barely any income Which led to? ● ● ● O German government was chaos ● ● O People having to stand in food lines O Governments became unstable O Powerful leading taking control Dictators Rule Italy HERE COME THE FASCISTS O Fascist governments believes in a strong central government and strict control Most were militaristic Dictators lead these governments Opponents of these governments were ofer jailed or killed O O O O O Japan O O O Germany O 1922: Italy falls to a fascist government 1925: Benito Mussolini names himself dictator 1929: National Socialist German Worker's Party (Nazis), led by Adolf Hitler, begins to gain power O January 30, 1933: Hitler is appointed Reich Chancellor O 1926: Emperor Hirohito takes the throne Late 1930s: Military general Tojo Hideki gains power 1941: Tojo Hideki becomes Prime Minister O Feb 27, 1933: The Reichstag government building burns. Hitler begins sending political opponents eo concentration camps o Aug. 2, 1934: Hitler names himself Fuhrer, or supreme leader Why did the German people like Hitler? O German were desperate for a leader who would improve the economy and restore their national pride Many Germans were still bitter about the Treaty of Versailles Hitler was charismatic and gave the German people hope O Alliances ● Once dictators came to power, they wanted to form alliances ● Oct. 15, 1936-- Germany and Italy signed the rome-German axis. ● Nov. 25, 1936 - Germany and Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact ● May 22, 1939 (Monday) Germany and Italy signed a ten-year military and political alliance known as the Pact of Steel. Axis Powers Form ● Imperialism Once dictators came to power, they wanted to expand their countries empired Japan O O ● ● Sept. 27, 1940- Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact. All three Axis Powers are now allie safety WWII began ● 1931 O Italy: O Germany O Japan is a small island country = few natural resources. In order for Japan to become an industrialized country, it needed to take over lands that were rich in natural resources O Japan invades Manchuria, a region in China Japan claims more Chinese land and seizes European colonies in the Pacific Region O 1938: Germany annexes Austria O 1939: Germany annexes Czechoslovakia German-Soviet Non Aggression Pact O Aug. 1939: Hitler and the Soviet Union's Joseph Stalin sign the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact What's the big deal? O If Germany invaded Poland, Hitler does not have to worry about fighting the Soviet Union to his east. Great Britain and france had promised military support to Poland if Germany ever invaded it O Italy invades ethiopia in north Africa Hiter and Stalin made a secret agreement to invade Poland from the East and west, ad they would split Poland amongst themselves Appeasement ● Policy of making concessions to a dictator in order to avoid war ● Why Weren't These Dictators Stopped??? O The League of Nations was an organization of countries who worked together to maintain peace after the end of WWI. O However, the League of Nations was unable to stop japan because it was too far away Italy was given economic sanctions when it invaded Ethiopia, but the League could not enforce it. O Hitler realized the democratic nations were trying to avoid war, so he grew bolder O Great Britain And France could no longer ignore Hiter when he invaded Poland WWII Begins ● World Warll ● ● Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland Sept. 3, 1939: WWII begins as Great Britain and France declare war on Germany in support of Poland Battle of Britain ● World War 2 European Battles of WWII 1939-1945 September 1939 - September 1945 Battles were fought in Europe, north Africa, and the Pacific. German was very successful at the beginning of WWI Adolf Hitler had conquered most of Europe After conquering most of Europe, Hitler looked to conquer Great Britain Great Britain was the last major European country left to fight Germany ● One Hitler defeated Great britain, he could turn his attention to the Soviet Union ● YASSSSSS, Hitler and Stalin signed a nonaggression pact ● YASSSSSSSSS, Hitler is going to turn on Stalin and stab him in the back. ● Brain check: Great britain is an island, separated from mainland Europe by the english channel ● Luftwaffe--- Luft-vaa-fuh ● Hitler's plan O Airstrikes to take out Britain's Royal Air Force (RAF) O Without air support, Britain's navy would be easily defeated Began July 10, 1940 O First, Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe, attacked RAF bases O Next, on spetmber 7, the Luftwaffe began bombing large cities like London. Battle of Britain pt 2 ● Many civilians were killed, and towns were devastated Even though Great Britain suffered great damage to RAF bases and towns, the British did not give up RAF used radar to detect incoming Luftwaffe The Blitz (operation sealion) O For 57 nights in a row the Luftwaffe bombed london O Hitler continued bombing London at night until May 1941 O Hitler till bombed London at times, but he needed his Luftwaffe to attack the Soviet Uniton instead. ● ● GREAT BRITAIN WON!!!!!! Battle of Stalingrad ● Hitler had already invaded western Soviet Union in summer 1941 One of the bloodiest Battles in history: over 1.2 million killed Important for Germany: O Easily launch attacks on the rest of the Soviet Union from this city O Give a psychological blow to the Soviets because the city named after Soviet dictator Stalin Important for the USSR O Major industrial and communication city O Bore Stalin's name ● ● ● Began July 17, 1942 Battle of Stalingrad (Pt. 2) ● Germany and occupied 90% of the city ● O German troops reach the city on Sept. 3 O Luftwaffe bombed the city before ground troops moved in ● O They attacked German troops relentlessly By mid november the German troops were running low on ammunition and food ● The Soviets surrounded the German troops and cut off supplies The German suffered in the harsh Soviet winter The remaining 91,000 Germans surrendered on Feb. 2, 1943 Results O HUGE humiliation for Hitler (just so embarrassing) O HUGE confidence boost for Stalin O The German army suffers terrible losses O The German army never fully recovered O Germany would never conquer the Soviet Union ● O The Swastika flag flies from a Soviet building O German soldiers continue to overtake the city However, the Soviets would not give up O Soviet troops hid in buildings rubble, and sewers ● Battle of Normandy ● Even after losing the Battle of Britain and Stalingrad, Hitler still controlled most of Europe Allied Powers needed to get a foothold in mainland Europe to push Germany back98 American and British began launching airstrikes in German held territories to slow down German troops JUNE 6, 1944: D-Day O Germany knew the Allies were planning an invasion, but they didn't know where O The Allies made it look like they were going to invade north of Normandy, at pas de calais First wave of attack ● O ● O Soviets would soon push germany out of the Soviet Union SOVIET VICTORY ● ■ Paratroopers parachuted behind German lines at night ■ They secured bridges and exit roads ■ Dummies were dropped out of planes to trick the Germans Second wave of attack ■ Warships bombed the beaches from the Sea ■ French Resistance members cut telephone lines and destroyed bridges to slow German troops Allied planes bombed German defenses Over 5,000 ships 150,000 ships ■ Over 11,000 aircraft ■ Troops from the US, Great Britain, and Canada ■ British - Gold Beach, Sword Beach ■ Canadian - Juno Beach, Sword Beach ■ American - Utah Beach, Omaha Beach (Omaha Beach was the bloodiest of the D-Day beaches) ■ By June 17, over 500,000 Allied soldiers were pushing the germans out of France ■ By the end of August, northern France was liberated ■ American troops matching in Paris after France was liberated ■ French tanks and troops marching in Paris after France was liberated ■ Germany now had to fight on its west and east ■ ALLIED VICTORY!!!!!!!! I ■ Battle of the Bulge ● One of the last major battles fought in Europe Hitler's last chance to force the Allies off mainland Europe ● Considered one of the greatest battles fought by the US military Began Dec. 16, 1944 O Germany used a blitzkrieg to attack the Allied troops in the Ardennes Forest of Belgium O The Allied front line was pushed back creating a bulge O Germany attacked the center of the Allied front line O Over 200,000 Germans troops and 1,000 tanks broke through O Allies were caught off guard and thousands were killed But that's not all... ● ● ● O English speaking German spies were dropped behind the Allied front line O These German spies were dressed in American uniforms and told lines to confuse the Allied troops. Things weren't looking good for the Allies O Allied troops refused to give up O Allied troops destroyed German fuel reserves, so the German began to run out of fuel for their tanks O O O O O The Battle of the Bulge lasted about one month About 100,000 American casualties Allied troops fought until reinforcements came Hitlers last chance at pushing Allies off the mainland failed. ALLIED VICTORY!!!!!! Battle of Berlin O ● Last major battle fought in Europe ● Primarily between German and Soviet troops Soviet troops greatly outnumbered the Germans. Began April 16, 1945 O Soviet union 2.5 million soldiers ■ ■ 7,500 aircraft ■ 6,200 tanks Germany ■ ■ 1 million soldiers 2,200 aircraft 1,500 tanks O German soldiers were starving, sick, and wounded from years of fighting O The Soviets were able to attack the city and easily surround it O On April 20, the Soviets began bombing the city O Hitler knew Berlin was going to fall O He called in additional German troops from the west ● o By April 30, Berlin lay in ruins. O Soviet soldiers raised the Soviet flag in Berlin O The soviets had closed in, Hitler knew he had lost, Hitler knew Germany had lost O On April 30, Hitler committed suicide instead of being taken prisoner O On May 2, German generals surrendered May 8, 1945 (VE Day Victory in Europe) O O O All remaining Natzi leaders signed their surrender to the Allies When the battle ended there were: 360,000 Soviet casualties ■ 310,000 German Casualties ■ 22,000 German civilians were killed The war in Europe is over, but it still raged on in the Pacific ■ Japan Rise Small island Lacked natural resources ● Japan could not become a powerful country & a world leader Solution: conquer other countries Battles are fought throughout the pacific O O O O Philippines O ● ● Pearl Harbor ● World War 2 Major Pacific Battles Japan China Korea Japan's Aggression Grows ● Already invaded Manchuria when WWII started in Europe ● 1941- Hideki Tojo, an army general, becomes Prime Minister • Tojo wanted to attack the US ● The US at that point was neutral, but Tojo wanted to ensure the US could not stop Japan from invading countries in the future ● Tojo decided to attack the US Navy and sink enough ships to keep the US from challenging Japanan. ● Many more islands.. Dec 7, 1941 Japanese fighter pilots attack the US Pacific Fleet in Hawaii US was surprised and not prepared Pearl Harbor attacked; 3,000 American casualties USS Arizona 1,000 men were trapped inside O Also explosions on the USS west virginia, O USS Tennessee, O USS oklahoma is capsized, O USS maryland in the back In 2 hours, 20 naval vessels were destroyed, including 8 battleships USS Arizona was the first battleship to sink More than 300 airplanes were destroyed ● Japan's plan backfired The US entered wwll on December 8. Japan was not successful. Why? ● ● ● ● ● ● ● O Aircraft carriers were viewed as the most important naval vessel The US aircraft carriers were not at Pearl Harbor during the attack Japan also failed to destroy O Oil storage facilities ● ■ Shipyards Battle of Midway June 3, 1942-Japan attacks the Aleutian Islands to create a diversion from their real target Submarine docks So the US was able to recover quickly What did Japan do? O Awaken the "Sleeping Giant" (AMERICA) The Midway Atoll (June 4) The US was not tricked The US knew the Imperial Fleet would attack Midway because they had broken the Japanese naval code The US Pacific Fleet had battleships placed in strategic places waiting for the Japanese Imperial Fleet USS Yorktown attacked by japanese bombers Battle lasted 3 days ● • Japan gave up Imperial Fleet (Japan) lost all 4 carriers, 250 aircraft, & over 5,000 casualties Pacific Fleet (America) lost 147 aircraft & about 300 casualties • Turning point in the war ● The US Began attacking Japan The battle of Guadalcanal ● August 7, 1942 - February 9, 1943 • Japan controlled most of Southeast Asia and was beginning to threaten Australia, a US ally. First battle that the US attacked Japanese forces The US surprised Japa, but Japan did not give up. When US marines landed on the island, the Imperial Fleet sank Allied cruisers off the coast ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● US marines were isolated → Japanese troops were sent in USS Wasp attacked by Japanese In mid november, Jaan sent in additional 10,000 troops The Japanese were unable to advance The Japanese had to retreat This loss marked the first time Japan lost land in WWII Japanese Losses: o 31,000 casualties O 38 ships Allied Losses: ● 7,100 Casualties Battle of Saipan (suicide island) June 15, 1944 - July 9, 1944 O O 29 ships Australia no longer worried about a Japanese invasion US began island- hopping to takeover Japanese- held islands on their way to Japan US wanted control because the island;s airfields would be close enough to Japan to use its new B-29 bombers ● Japan wants control because they want to stop an Allied advance When the Japanese commander knew defeat was imminent, he commanded his troops to launch a banzai attack. ● July 6-44,000 Japanese troops armed with swords, bayonets, grenades, and knives surprised Allied troops • Largest banzai attack of WWII ● 30,00 Japanese troops defended Saipan ● When the battle was over, less than 1,00 remained alive Many committed suicide, as did thousnads of civilians US continued to carve a path to Japan Battle of the Philippine Sea ● June 19, 1944 - June 20, 1944 ● ● ● ● ● Battle of Leyte Gulf ● ● ● Took place off the coast of Saipan One of the biggest aircraft carrier battles of WWII ● Imperial Fleet and Japanese air force were critically damaged Japan planned on delivering more troops to Saipan, but, with a loss in the Philippine Sea, the US controlled the seas around Saipan 3 carriers were sunk and 400 aircraft were destroyed Huge victory for the Allies ● October 23-26, 1944 ● Largest naval battle of WWII Some consider it the greatest naval battle in history This is the first battle where the US witnessed kamikaze, or suicide, attacks. Imperial fleet was completely destroyed Allied Losses ● Allied forces were able to take control of the Philippines and had greater control of the Pacific ● Japan lost MAJOR trade routes from Southeast Asia to its home islands O 5 warships O 2,500 casualties Battle of Iwo Jima Japanese O 28 warships O 10,500 casualties Memorialized with a monument in Washington, D.C. Allied troops outnumbered Japanese troops, but the Japanese fought unrelentingly ● Before Allied troops hit the ground, planes and battleships bombed the island. When Allied troops landed, the Japanese didn't attack them. The Allies thought most of the Japanese were dead February 19, 1945 - March 26, 1945 Iwo Jima is only 5 miles by 2.5 miles Iwo Jima is a small island 750 miles south of japan Us naval vessels approach Iwo Jima for invasion The Allies were wrong ● The Japanese changed their tactics they fought t=from Tunnels O O Caves O Dugouts ● The Japanese hid until the theAllies made their way inland. They launched surprise attacks Allied troops used flamethrowers to flush out the Japanese from their hiding spots Allied troops used heavy artillery to fire on Japanese hiding spots Allied planes provided support for ground troops by bombing the Japanese K-9s were used in the front lines to find Japanese sniper and carry messages quickly Both sides suffered huge losses O The Japanese had 21,000 casualties out of th 22,000 who fought O The Allies suffered 23,000 casualties The US now had a close base for their B-19 bombers to attack Japan ALLIES WIN!!! ● ● ● ● ● Battle of Okinawa April 1, 1945- June 22, 1945 Of of the bloodiest Battles of WWII Okinawa could serve as a base for the air raids on Japan Once again Japanese troops used caves, tunnels, and dugouts. Okinawa js a small island 650 miles southwest of japan K-9's were used to find hiking japanese An Allied plane firebombs an area to kill Japanese troops that are hiding ● Japanese casualties = 70,000 ● ● Allied Casualties = 40,000 Civilian casualties = 100,000 The bloodbath at Okinawa was a major factor in US President Harry Truman's decision to NOT invade Japan. President Truman decided to not risk tens, if not hundreds, of thousands American lives by invading Instead of invading Japan, President Truman decided ti deop atomic bombs on Hiroshima (Aug. 6) and Nagasaki (Aug. 9), cities in Japan His plan worked, On August 14, Japan surrendered WWII was over The Axis Powers Were Defeated ● ● WWII Rages On ● German physicists had been researching how to create even more weapons before WWII even egan US Receives A Warning ● Einstein and Fermi learned German physicists could split a uranium atom Enrico Fermi ● ● ● O German refugee & physicist When an atom is spit, a tremendous amount of energy is released. Enough energy to power a bomb But building a bomb was not an easy task! Ferni & Einstein were living in the US Fermi traveled to Washington, DC, to share his concerns with President Franklin D. Roosevelt Einstein, with the help f Hungarian physicist Loe Szilard, wrote a letter to President Roosevelt urging him to begin an atomic research prog am ● President Roosevellt did not see the urgency but did agree to begin the process. October 21, 1939: The Advisory Committee on Uranium met in Washington, DC ● The process was VERY slow But the United kingdom was not wasting any time Uk physicist were making advancements in harnessing atomic power ● World War 2 Manhattan Project ● ● O Italian refugee & physics Albert Einstein US finally moves forward UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to begin development of an atomic bomb on September 3, 1941 The US realized if the UK was moving forward, they needed to move forward, too. December 1941: The US began its own project to investigate atomic weapons ● Prior to this decision, the US had only investigated the fission, or splitting, of atoms. April 1942: O Fermi began to design the world's first human-built nuclear reactor, capped CP-1, at the University of Chicago ● ● June 1942 The army Corps of Engineers took over since the intent became to build an atomic weapon In August it was named the Manhattan Engineer District Manhattan Project The Manhattan Engineer District became known as the Manhattan Project ● September 17, 1942: Colonel Leslie Richard Groves was put in charge of the Manhattan Project O ● Colonel groves reassigned the development of fissile materials from scientists to corporations like DuPont October 15, 1942: Colonel Groves asked Dr. Robert J. Oppenheimer to head Project Y. Project Y O A new central laboratory for weapon physics research and design O Located at Los Alamos, New Mexico O First Nuclear Chain Reaction ● December 2, 1942: fermi's group completed CP-1 and the self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was a success at the University of Chicago ● This was the first step in creating an atomic bomb, but there was still much to accomplish Research Continues ● Two additional nuclear facilities were built at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Hanford, Washington Weapon development, fissile materials production, and delivery preparations continued for the next two years Secrecy was maintained ● Even Harry Truman did not know the true purpose of the Manhattan Project until after he became president in April 1945 ● Trinity Test July 16, 1945: dr, Oppenheimer was reday to test the first atomic bomb at the Trinity Site at Alamogordo, New Mexico ● After Effects ● Windows in civilian homes were shattered up to 100 miles away ● The Government created a cover up story so no one would know the truth The recorded temperature at the center of the blast as three times hotter than the center of the sun The world is entering the Nuclear Age. Nuclear Age Although scientists were happy they had been successful after years of exhausting work, they were also fearful of what the future would hold President Truman said, "We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world." Germany surrendered in WWII in May 1945 • Japan was still fighting ● President Truman had a choice to make ● ● O ● O ● Land Invasion Hiroshima & Nagasaki ● Augusr 6, 1945: An Atomic bomb called "Little Boy" was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan "Little Boy" was a 9,000 pound uranium bomb The blast was equal to 15,000 tons of TNT Over 135,000 civilians, including women and children, were killed Most likely result in one million US military casualties Prolong the war ■ Drop atomic bomb ■ Save US lives ■ Over 5 square miles of the city were destroyed August 9, 1945: An atomic bomb called "Fat Man" was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan "Fat Man" was a 10,000 pound plutonium bomb More powerful than "Little Boy" Due to Nagasaki's valleys and mountains, only 2.6 square miles was destroyed ● Over 70,000 casualties Result in tens of thousands of Japanese casualties Most likely end the war quickly WWII was over Japan Surrenders • Emperor Hirohito realized the devastation that could be unleashed ● August 15, 1945: Japan surrenders in WWII ● But a new war was brewing... ● Klaus Fuchs, a German physicists who worked on the Manhattan Project, stole US secrets of building an atomic bomb Fuchs gave those secrets to the Soviet Union The US was no longer the only country with the capability to build an atomi bomb The emergence of the superpowers and Cold War would follow