Subjects
Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
AP Biology
Dec 1, 2025
106
9 pages
Rebeka Janusz @rebekajanusz_dslh
Understanding Chemical Bonds and Atomic Structure- A comprehensive guide exploring atomic theory, chemical bonding, and molecular interactions,... Show more
Chemical bonding occurs through the interaction of valence electrons, which are located in the outermost shell of atoms. Most elements aim to achieve a full valence shell of eight electrons through various bonding mechanisms.
Definition Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell that participate in chemical bonding.
Example When two hydrogen atoms bond, they share their single electrons to form H₂.
Highlight Covalent bonds form when atoms share unpaired valence electrons, which can result in single, double, or triple bonds.
Vocabulary Electronegativity determines how strongly atoms attract shared electrons in a bond.
Chemical bonds vary based on how electrons are shared between atoms. The main types include polar covalent, nonpolar covalent, and ionic bonds.
Definition Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons, while nonpolar covalent bonds have equal electron sharing.
Example Water (H₂O) exhibits polar covalent bonds due to oxygen's higher electronegativity.
Highlight The polarity of molecules affects their properties and interactions with other substances.
Water's unique properties arise from its molecular structure and ability to form hydrogen bonds. These properties influence biological and chemical processes.
Definition Hydrogen bonds are attractive forces between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative atoms in different molecules.
Vocabulary Hydrophobic substances are "water-fearing" while hydrophilic substances are "water-loving."
Example Water's cohesion allows it to form droplets, while adhesion enables it to climb up plant stems.
The chemistry of acids and bases is fundamental to understanding biological systems and chemical reactions. pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Definition Acids donate protons while bases accept protons in chemical reactions.
Example Blood has a pH of approximately 7.4, while stomach acid has a much lower pH.
Highlight The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.
Energy plays a crucial role in chemical reactions and molecular interactions. Understanding energy types and transformations is essential for predicting chemical behavior.
Definition Potential energy is stored energy, while kinetic energy is energy of motion.
Highlight Chemical bonds store potential energy, and bond length affects energy content.
Example Longer bonds typically contain more potential energy than shorter bonds.
The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations in chemical reactions and natural processes.
Quote "Energy cannot be created nor destroyed" - First Law of Thermodynamics
Highlight Entropy (disorder) always increases in natural processes according to the Second Law.
Chemical reactions' spontaneity depends on entropy changes and energy differences between reactants and products.
Definition Spontaneous reactions occur without external energy input.
Example A spontaneous reaction typically results in increased disorder and lower potential energy products.
Highlight Non-spontaneous reactions require energy input or other external assistance to proceed.
Organic compounds form the basis of biological molecules and are essential to life processes.
Definition Organic compounds are molecules containing carbon atoms as their primary structural component.
Highlight The versatility of carbon bonding enables the formation of complex biological molecules.
The fundamental building blocks of matter are explained through atomic structure and Dalton's Atomic Theory. The atom consists of a positively charged nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by negatively charged electrons in orbital shells.
Definition An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
Highlight Dalton's Atomic Theory establishes that all matter is composed of atoms, and atoms of the same element share identical properties.
Example Carbon atoms always have 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons in their neutral state.
Vocabulary Mass number represents the total number of protons and neutrons, while atomic number indicates the number of protons only.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
14
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Exploring the composition and role of cell membranes, including the cell wall and nucleus, in maintaining cell integrity and function.
AP BiologyStudy Guide from the basics of Anatomy and Physiology
AP BiologyKey terms and their definition that you need to know for SQA Higher Human Biology course
BiologyLearn about the structure, composition, and functions of the axial and appendicular skeleton, as well as the embryonic origin and development of bones and joints.
AP BiologyHow the Calvin benson cycle or light independent reaction happens in photosynthesis after light dependent reaction happens.
AP Biology:)
AP BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Rebeka Janusz
@rebekajanusz_dslh
Understanding Chemical Bonds and Atomic Structure - A comprehensive guide exploring atomic theory, chemical bonding, and molecular interactions, with emphasis on how these fundamental concepts shape matter's behavior.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Chemical bonding occurs through the interaction of valence electrons, which are located in the outermost shell of atoms. Most elements aim to achieve a full valence shell of eight electrons through various bonding mechanisms.
Definition: Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell that participate in chemical bonding.
Example: When two hydrogen atoms bond, they share their single electrons to form H₂.
Highlight: Covalent bonds form when atoms share unpaired valence electrons, which can result in single, double, or triple bonds.
Vocabulary: Electronegativity determines how strongly atoms attract shared electrons in a bond.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Chemical bonds vary based on how electrons are shared between atoms. The main types include polar covalent, nonpolar covalent, and ionic bonds.
Definition: Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons, while nonpolar covalent bonds have equal electron sharing.
Example: Water (H₂O) exhibits polar covalent bonds due to oxygen's higher electronegativity.
Highlight: The polarity of molecules affects their properties and interactions with other substances.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Water's unique properties arise from its molecular structure and ability to form hydrogen bonds. These properties influence biological and chemical processes.
Definition: Hydrogen bonds are attractive forces between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative atoms in different molecules.
Vocabulary: Hydrophobic substances are "water-fearing" while hydrophilic substances are "water-loving."
Example: Water's cohesion allows it to form droplets, while adhesion enables it to climb up plant stems.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The chemistry of acids and bases is fundamental to understanding biological systems and chemical reactions. pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Definition: Acids donate protons while bases accept protons in chemical reactions.
Example: Blood has a pH of approximately 7.4, while stomach acid has a much lower pH.
Highlight: The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Energy plays a crucial role in chemical reactions and molecular interactions. Understanding energy types and transformations is essential for predicting chemical behavior.
Definition: Potential energy is stored energy, while kinetic energy is energy of motion.
Highlight: Chemical bonds store potential energy, and bond length affects energy content.
Example: Longer bonds typically contain more potential energy than shorter bonds.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations in chemical reactions and natural processes.
Quote: "Energy cannot be created nor destroyed" - First Law of Thermodynamics
Highlight: Entropy (disorder) always increases in natural processes according to the Second Law.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Chemical reactions' spontaneity depends on entropy changes and energy differences between reactants and products.
Definition: Spontaneous reactions occur without external energy input.
Example: A spontaneous reaction typically results in increased disorder and lower potential energy products.
Highlight: Non-spontaneous reactions require energy input or other external assistance to proceed.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Organic compounds form the basis of biological molecules and are essential to life processes.
Definition: Organic compounds are molecules containing carbon atoms as their primary structural component.
Highlight: The versatility of carbon bonding enables the formation of complex biological molecules.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The fundamental building blocks of matter are explained through atomic structure and Dalton's Atomic Theory. The atom consists of a positively charged nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by negatively charged electrons in orbital shells.
Definition: An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
Highlight: Dalton's Atomic Theory establishes that all matter is composed of atoms, and atoms of the same element share identical properties.
Example: Carbon atoms always have 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons in their neutral state.
Vocabulary: Mass number represents the total number of protons and neutrons, while atomic number indicates the number of protons only.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
14
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Exploring the composition and role of cell membranes, including the cell wall and nucleus, in maintaining cell integrity and function.
AP BiologyStudy Guide from the basics of Anatomy and Physiology
AP BiologyKey terms and their definition that you need to know for SQA Higher Human Biology course
BiologyLearn about the structure, composition, and functions of the axial and appendicular skeleton, as well as the embryonic origin and development of bones and joints.
AP BiologyHow the Calvin benson cycle or light independent reaction happens in photosynthesis after light dependent reaction happens.
AP Biology:)
AP BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Algebra
Calculus 1
Algebra 1
Overige