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What Are Atoms and Bonds? A Fun Look at Chemistry!

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Rebeka Janusz

10/23/2023

AP Biology

Chapter two notes. Describing the structure of atoms, ions, and molecules, and how chemical reactions occur

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AP Biology

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Overview

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Reminder of Skills You Should Have Mastered to Be Ready for This Subject

What Are Atoms and Bonds? A Fun Look at Chemistry!

Understanding Chemical Bonds and Atomic Structure - A comprehensive guide exploring atomic theory, chemical bonding, and molecular interactions, with emphasis on how these fundamental concepts shape matter's behavior.

  • Role of Valence Electrons in Chemical Bonding is crucial in determining how atoms interact and form molecules
  • Atomic structure fundamentals, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, form the basis of Understanding Dalton's Atomic Theory in Chemistry
  • Chemical bonds, including the Difference between Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds, determine molecular properties
  • Water's unique properties arise from its polar nature and hydrogen bonding capabilities
  • Chemical reactions and energy transformations follow fundamental laws of thermodynamics
...

10/23/2023

96

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

View

Chemical Bonding and Valence Electrons

Chemical bonding occurs through the interaction of valence electrons, which are located in the outermost shell of atoms. Most elements aim to achieve a full valence shell of eight electrons through various bonding mechanisms.

Definition: Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell that participate in chemical bonding.

Example: When two hydrogen atoms bond, they share their single electrons to form H₂.

Highlight: Covalent bonds form when atoms share unpaired valence electrons, which can result in single, double, or triple bonds.

Vocabulary: Electronegativity determines how strongly atoms attract shared electrons in a bond.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

View

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonds vary based on how electrons are shared between atoms. The main types include polar covalent, nonpolar covalent, and ionic bonds.

Definition: Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons, while nonpolar covalent bonds have equal electron sharing.

Example: Water H2OH₂O exhibits polar covalent bonds due to oxygen's higher electronegativity.

Highlight: The polarity of molecules affects their properties and interactions with other substances.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

View

Water Properties and Hydrogen Bonding

Water's unique properties arise from its molecular structure and ability to form hydrogen bonds. These properties influence biological and chemical processes.

Definition: Hydrogen bonds are attractive forces between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative atoms in different molecules.

Vocabulary: Hydrophobic substances are "water-fearing" while hydrophilic substances are "water-loving."

Example: Water's cohesion allows it to form droplets, while adhesion enables it to climb up plant stems.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

View

Acids, Bases, and pH

The chemistry of acids and bases is fundamental to understanding biological systems and chemical reactions. pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Definition: Acids donate protons while bases accept protons in chemical reactions.

Example: Blood has a pH of approximately 7.4, while stomach acid has a much lower pH.

Highlight: The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

View

Energy in Chemical Systems

Energy plays a crucial role in chemical reactions and molecular interactions. Understanding energy types and transformations is essential for predicting chemical behavior.

Definition: Potential energy is stored energy, while kinetic energy is energy of motion.

Highlight: Chemical bonds store potential energy, and bond length affects energy content.

Example: Longer bonds typically contain more potential energy than shorter bonds.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

View

Laws of Thermodynamics

The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations in chemical reactions and natural processes.

Quote: "Energy cannot be created nor destroyed" - First Law of Thermodynamics

Highlight: Entropy disorderdisorder always increases in natural processes according to the Second Law.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

View

Chemical Reactions and Spontaneity

Chemical reactions' spontaneity depends on entropy changes and energy differences between reactants and products.

Definition: Spontaneous reactions occur without external energy input.

Example: A spontaneous reaction typically results in increased disorder and lower potential energy products.

Highlight: Non-spontaneous reactions require energy input or other external assistance to proceed.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

View

Organic Compounds

Organic compounds form the basis of biological molecules and are essential to life processes.

Definition: Organic compounds are molecules containing carbon atoms as their primary structural component.

Highlight: The versatility of carbon bonding enables the formation of complex biological molecules.

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Subjects

AP Biology

Overview

Overview

Reminder of Skills You Should Have Mastered to Be Ready for This Subject

 

AP Biology

•

96

•

Oct 23, 2023

•

9 pages

What Are Atoms and Bonds? A Fun Look at Chemistry!

R

Rebeka Janusz

@rebekajanusz_dslh

Understanding Chemical Bonds and Atomic Structure - A comprehensive guide exploring atomic theory, chemical bonding, and molecular interactions, with emphasis on how these fundamental concepts shape matter's behavior.

  • Role of Valence Electrons in Chemical Bondingis crucial in determining how... Show more

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

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Chemical Bonding and Valence Electrons

Chemical bonding occurs through the interaction of valence electrons, which are located in the outermost shell of atoms. Most elements aim to achieve a full valence shell of eight electrons through various bonding mechanisms.

Definition: Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell that participate in chemical bonding.

Example: When two hydrogen atoms bond, they share their single electrons to form H₂.

Highlight: Covalent bonds form when atoms share unpaired valence electrons, which can result in single, double, or triple bonds.

Vocabulary: Electronegativity determines how strongly atoms attract shared electrons in a bond.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

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Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonds vary based on how electrons are shared between atoms. The main types include polar covalent, nonpolar covalent, and ionic bonds.

Definition: Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons, while nonpolar covalent bonds have equal electron sharing.

Example: Water H2OH₂O exhibits polar covalent bonds due to oxygen's higher electronegativity.

Highlight: The polarity of molecules affects their properties and interactions with other substances.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

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Water Properties and Hydrogen Bonding

Water's unique properties arise from its molecular structure and ability to form hydrogen bonds. These properties influence biological and chemical processes.

Definition: Hydrogen bonds are attractive forces between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative atoms in different molecules.

Vocabulary: Hydrophobic substances are "water-fearing" while hydrophilic substances are "water-loving."

Example: Water's cohesion allows it to form droplets, while adhesion enables it to climb up plant stems.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

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Acids, Bases, and pH

The chemistry of acids and bases is fundamental to understanding biological systems and chemical reactions. pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Definition: Acids donate protons while bases accept protons in chemical reactions.

Example: Blood has a pH of approximately 7.4, while stomach acid has a much lower pH.

Highlight: The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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Energy in Chemical Systems

Energy plays a crucial role in chemical reactions and molecular interactions. Understanding energy types and transformations is essential for predicting chemical behavior.

Definition: Potential energy is stored energy, while kinetic energy is energy of motion.

Highlight: Chemical bonds store potential energy, and bond length affects energy content.

Example: Longer bonds typically contain more potential energy than shorter bonds.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

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Laws of Thermodynamics

The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations in chemical reactions and natural processes.

Quote: "Energy cannot be created nor destroyed" - First Law of Thermodynamics

Highlight: Entropy disorderdisorder always increases in natural processes according to the Second Law.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

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Chemical Reactions and Spontaneity

Chemical reactions' spontaneity depends on entropy changes and energy differences between reactants and products.

Definition: Spontaneous reactions occur without external energy input.

Example: A spontaneous reaction typically results in increased disorder and lower potential energy products.

Highlight: Non-spontaneous reactions require energy input or other external assistance to proceed.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

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Organic Compounds

Organic compounds form the basis of biological molecules and are essential to life processes.

Definition: Organic compounds are molecules containing carbon atoms as their primary structural component.

Highlight: The versatility of carbon bonding enables the formation of complex biological molecules.

Chapter 2 notes: Atoms are composed of - protons positively charged nevtrons- neutral charge - electrons-negatively charged protons & neutro

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Atomic Structure and Dalton's Theory

The fundamental building blocks of matter are explained through atomic structure and Dalton's Atomic Theory. The atom consists of a positively charged nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by negatively charged electrons in orbital shells.

Definition: An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

Highlight: Dalton's Atomic Theory establishes that all matter is composed of atoms, and atoms of the same element share identical properties.

Example: Carbon atoms always have 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons in their neutral state.

Vocabulary: Mass number represents the total number of protons and neutrons, while atomic number indicates the number of protons only.

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Stefan S

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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

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I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

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Brad T

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David K

iOS user

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Sudenaz Ocak

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Greenlight Bonnie

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This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

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