[No content provided for this page]

Force Equations and Stopping Distances

This section presents key equations related to forces and introduces the concept of stopping distances in the context of vehicle motion.

Important equations:

1. Force (N) = Mass (kg) × Acceleration (m/s²)
2. Weight (N) = Mass (kg) × Gravitational field strength (N/kg)
3. Momentum (kg·m/s) = Mass (kg) × Velocity (m/s)

Definition: Stopping distance is the total distance a vehicle travels from the moment the driver perceives a need to stop until the vehicle comes to a complete halt.

Stopping distance components:

1. Thinking distance: Distance traveled during the driver's reaction time
2. Braking distance: Distance traveled while the brakes are applied

Factors affecting stopping distance:

• Thinking distance is influenced by reaction time and vehicle speed
• Braking distance is affected by road conditions, brake/tire condition, vehicle speed, and mass

The section also outlines an acceleration core practical:

1. Measure velocity at each light gate
2. Calculate time between gates
3. Vary mass or force in each trial

Highlight: As mass decreases or force increases, acceleration increases, demonstrating the relationship F = m × a.

This practical experiment helps students understand the factors influencing acceleration and how they relate to Newton's Second Law of Motion.

[No content provided for this page]

Motion and Speed Calculations

This section focuses on fundamental concepts in physics related to motion, including speed, distance, and acceleration calculations. It introduces key terms and equations essential for understanding motion in physics.

Vocabulary: Scalar quantities have magnitude only, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction.

The page presents standard values for common speeds:

• Walking: 1 m/s
• Running: 3-5 m/s
• Speed of sound in air: 330 m/s

Highlight: The gravitational acceleration on Earth is approximately 10 m/s².

Key equations introduced include:

• Speed (m/s) = Distance / Time
• Acceleration (m/s²) = Change in velocity / Time

The document explains different types of motion graphs:

1. Distance-Time graphs
2. Velocity-Time graphs

Example: In a velocity-time graph, positive acceleration indicates speeding up, while negative acceleration indicates slowing down.

The page concludes with illustrations of various motion scenarios, including constant velocity, constant acceleration, and constant deceleration.

Density Core Practical and Gas Pressure

This section outlines the density core practical liquid experiment and introduces the concept of gas pressure. It provides step-by-step instructions for measuring the density of solids and liquids.

Density of a solid:

1. Measure mass using a balance
2. Determine volume through displacement method
3. Calculate density using the equation: Density = Mass / Volume

Density of a liquid:

1. Measure mass by weighing a beaker with and without the liquid
2. Measure volume using a measuring cylinder
3. Apply the density equation

Example: For water displacement, the volume of water displaced by an object equals the object's volume.

The section also covers gas pressure:

• Gas pressure is caused by gas particles colliding with container walls
• Pressure increases with temperature increase
• Pressure increases as volume decreases

Specific heat capacity core practical:

1. Measure the mass of water
2. Record energy transferred from a Joulemeter
3. Measure initial and final temperatures
4. Calculate specific heat capacity using the equation: SHC = (Energy transferred × Change in temperature) / Mass

This practical work helps students understand the relationship between density, mass, and volume, as well as the factors affecting gas pressure.