How Laws Are Made and Congressional Duties
For a bill to become law, it must pass through both the House and Senate in identical form. When differences exist between versions, a Conference Committee (sometimes called the "third house") resolves them. After congressional approval, the bill goes to the President who can sign it, veto it, or let it become law after 10 days of inaction.
Congress has an oversight function that involves holding hearings to ensure the executive and judicial branches act constitutionally. Representatives approach their duty of representation in three main ways: as trustees (using their judgment), delegates (following constituent wishes), or politicos (voting the party line).
Gerrymandering occurs when district lines are redrawn to create safe districts favoring a particular party. This practice contributes to polarization and reduces competitive elections. Representatives also perform casework for constituents, helping individuals navigate government bureaucracy—a service that helps them win reelection.
Important concept: Logrolling is how Congress members work together to pass laws through compromise and cooperation, often trading votes on different issues.
Representatives sometimes secure pork barrel legislation that specifically benefits their districts. While some view this as excessive spending, it allows members to deliver tangible benefits to their constituents and demonstrates their effectiveness to voters.