Quote: "The City Beautiful movement of the 1890s sought to remake American cities with nature, public parks, and cultural attractions."

Highlight: Political machines dominated city governance, providing services while engaging in corruption and patronage.

Example: Settlement houses, exemplified by Jane Addams' work, provided crucial support for immigrant communities.

Definition: Boss politics referred to the system where powerful political leaders controlled city government through patronage and organized support networks.

Highlight: The Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 established land-grant colleges, dramatically expanding access to higher education.

Example: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union successfully advocated for prohibition in 21 states by 1961.

Definition: The Social Gospel movement applied Christian principles to address urban social problems.

Vocabulary: New academic disciplines like sociology and anthropology emerged to study urban social phenomena.

Definition: "Birds of passage" were temporary male workers who came to America for short-term industrial work before returning home.

Example: The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 demonstrated growing anti-immigrant sentiment by specifically targeting Chinese immigration.

Highlight: Immigration restrictions were supported by three main groups: labor unions concerned about wage competition, nativist organizations, and Social Darwinists.

Vocabulary: "Old immigrants" refers to predominantly Protestant settlers from Northern and Western Europe, while "New immigrants" describes later arrivals from Southern and Eastern Europe.