- Land-based empires 1450 to 1750 used gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade for expansion
- Rulers legitimized power through bureaucratic elites, religious ideas, and art
- Strategies for expansion included tax farming, navy development, and territorial expansion
- Islamic land-based empires faced decline by 1750, facing economic and succession issues
- Ottoman Empire rose under Suleiman the Magnificent but declined due to economic challenges and corruption
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