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Slideshow about Ch. 3 of Earth and Space Science

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GalaxyGaming213

United States of America

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Environmental Science

Biology

Earth and Space: Ch. 3- Rocks

Earth systems and resources

Earth's soil

Ch 3: Rocks
Ch 3.1: The Rock Cycle
Rock - solid mass of mineral or
mineral-like matter that occurs naturally
as part of our planet
•3 rocks types
include
igneous,
metamorphic
sedimentary
& The Rock Cycle - interactions among
Earth's water, air & land can cause rocks
to change from one type to another
Smagma
melting
cooling
melting
Metamorphic
Rock
Igneous Rock
heat and
pressure
severing
pressure
weathering
and erosion
sediments
veytherings
and eracion
compaction and
cementation
Sedimentary
Rock
• most changes
take place
over long
periods of
time •magma - molten material that forms
deep beneath Earth's surface
MAGMA
LAVA
• lava - magma that reaches Earth's
surface weathering & wrosion
sediments
Igneous Rock
compaction
Marion
wauthoring
trosion
cooling
melling
het prour
weathering & erosion
Sedimentary Rock
magma
&
Metamorphic Rock
•when magma cools & hardens
beneath the surface or as a result of
volcanic eruptions, igneous rock forms • if igneous rock reaches surface, it
can undergo weathering
weathering - process in which rocks
are physically & chemically broken
down by water, air, & living things to
produce sediment
The Rock Cycle
Transportation
Deposition
Sediments
Lithification
Sedimentary
rocks
Metamorphism
Weathering
III
Uplift and Exposure Igneous rocks
(extrusive)
Metamorphic
rocks
Melting
Igneous rocks
(intrusive)
Crystallization
Magma
Consolidation •sediment - made up of weathered
pieces of earth materials
• sediment moved & deposited
by water, gravity, glaciers, or
wind sediment is compacted & cemented
to form sedimentary rock
Particles carried by water or wind"
Loosely packed sediment
Particles deposited as sediment
Densely packed sediment ⚫if sedimentary rock becomes buried
deep within Earth, it is subjected to
increased heat & pressure
magma
melking
cooling
malting
Metamorphic
Igneous Rock
heat and
presure
weathering
and erosion
Fest and
pressure
weathering
and erosion
sediments
weathering
and erosion
compaction and
cementation
Sedimentary
Rock
• under extreme
temp & pressure
conditions,
sedimentary rock
will change into
metamorphic rock ⚫if metamorphic rock subjected to
additional pressure or still higher
temps, it may melt to form magma,
which can then eventually crystallize
to form igneous rock
Magma
melting
cooling
Igneous Rock
melting
heat and pressure
weathering
and erosion
Metamorphic Rock
heat and pressure
weathering
and erosion
weathering
and erosion
Sediments
compactation
and
cementation
Sedimentary Rock Alternate Paths
●
• igneous rock could be subjected to
strong forces & high temps, such as
those associated with mountain
building, & then change into
metamorphic rock or reform new
igneous rock
Weathering of
ROCKS attace
KONCOUS
ROCK
Cryviation
of MAGMA
Meiting
Erosion &
Transport
Upli
Deposition of
SEDIMENT
METAMORPHIC ROCK
B331&
Compaction
SEDIMENTARY ROOK
Deformation & • metamorphic or sedimentary rock
could undergo weathering, form
sediment & reform sedimentary rock Increasing pressure
Shale
Low
grade
Increasing temperature
Slate
Schist
Increasing metamorphic grade
Blueschist
Gneiss Migmatite
High
grade
●
• sedimentary rock could be buried and
form metamorphic rocks What powers the Earth's rock cycle?
processes driven by heat from Earth's
interior are responsible for forming
igneous & metamorphic rocks
• weathering & erosion are powered by
energy from sun & gravity
• processes on & near Earth's surface
produce sedimentary rocks Ch 3.2: Igneous Rocks
Formation of Igneous Rock
• intrusive igneous rock - form when
magma hardens beneath Earth's
surface (granite)
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Pegmatite
Granite
Diorite
Gabbro
Porphyry
Pyroclasts
Intrusive rocks
Extrusive rocks
Volcanic ash
Mafic
Basalt
Gabbro
Phenocrysts
Pumice
Felsic
Rhyolite
Granite
Porphyry imperméable
residual magin
•magma mainly consists of silicon
& oxygen, plus other metals
peripheral
eruption
his
resurgence
magma also
contains some
gases, including
water vapor TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF VOLCANO
RUNNY MAGMA
Steam
b/c magma less dense than
surrounding rocks, it slowly
works its way toward surface
Magma rises and gas
bubbles start to form
Animating ...
STICKY MAGMA
Magma rises and gas
bubbles start to form
1/2
• as magma rises,
it cools, allowing
elements to
combine & form
minerals • extrusive igneous rock - form
when lava hardens (rhyolite)
ThoughtCo.
Types of Igneous Rocks
Extrusive
Cooling time: seconds to months
Texturec invicble or microscopic graine
Intrusive
Cooling time: thousands of years
Texture: small-to-medium gran
Plutonic
Cooli time: milions of years
Testure: large grains
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Obadian
Andesite
Pumic
Basalt
Rhyolita
Scoria Classification of Igneous Rocks
texture & composition are 2
characteristics used to classify
igneous rocks
Diorite
coarse grained,
intrusive rock,
contains hornblende,
feldspar and
occasionally quartz
Granite
light colored, coarse
grained intrusive
rock, contains mostly
quartz and feldspar
minerals
Basalt
fine grained.
extrusive rock, dark
colored, contains
mostly plagioclase
and pyraxene
Obsidian
dark colored volcanic
glass, forms from the
cooling of molten
rock, extrusive rock,
no crystals Increasing pressure
Pas
• texture - describes appearance of
rock based on its size, shape, &
arrangement of interlocking
crystals
Shale
Low
grade
Increasing temperature
Slate
Blueschist
Schist
Increasing metamorphic grade
Gneiss Migmatite
High
grade
• composition -
based on
proportions of
light & dark
minerals in the
rock Texture
•coarse-grained
texture - slow
cooling results in formation of large
crystals, which form coarse-grained
textures
Igneous Rock
Granite
2 cm Fine-grained
geology.com
• fine-grained texture - rapid cooling
of magma or lava results in rocks
with small, interconnected minerals
grains, which form fine-grained
textures •glassy texture - when lava cools so
fast there is not enough time for ions
to arrange themselves into network,
so solids made of randomly
distributed ions (obsidian & pumice) •porphyritic texture - rocks with
very different sized minerals b/c
different rates of cooling Composition
•granitic composition - igneous
rocks in which the light-colored
silicate mineral quartz & feldspar are
main minerals
• intrusive granitic
rocks make up much
of continental crust ●
• basaltic composition - rocks that
contain many dark silicate
minerals & plagioclase feldspar
• rich in magnesium & iron
●
basaltic igneous
rocks make up
ocean floor •andesitic composition - rocks
with composition between granitic
& basaltic
geology.com Percent compaction
100
MILJONI
(VOLCANICI
FELSIC
No-dich
GRANITE
RHYOLITE
INTERMEDIATE
Biotice
Flegolan Felipe
DIORITE
ANDESITE
MAFIC
GABBRO
BASALT
ULTRAMAFIC
5551
PERIOOTITE
KOMATETE
Ⓒgeology.com
• ultramafic - rock contains
peridotite, which is composed of
almost entirely dark silicate
materials TEXTURE
Chemical
Composition
Dominant
Minerals
Coarse-grained
Fine-grained
Porphyritic
Glassy
Rock Color
(based on % of dark minerals)
Classification of Major Igneous Rocks
Andesitic
Amphibole
Sodium- and
calcium-rich
plagioclase feldspar
Granitic
Quartz
Potassium feldspar
Sodium-rich
plagioclase feldspar
Granite
Rhyolite
Diorite
0% to 25%
Andesite
Obsidian (compact glass)
Pumice (frothy glass)
Basaltic
25% to 45%
Pyroxene
Calcium-rich
plagioclase feldspar
"Porphyritic" precedes any of the above names whenever there are
appreciable phenocrysts.
Gabbro
Basalt
45% to 85%
Ultramafic
Olivine
Pyroxene
Peridotite
Komatiite
(rare)
Uncommon
85% to 100% Ch 3.3: Sedimentary Rocks
Formation of Sedimentary Rock
weathering, erosion & deposition
Weathering
The breaking down OF
dudegaon of dances
a rocks and mineral by
physical chemical or
Erosion
The movement of vediment or
from one location to
another by means of wate
Deposition
wwe koe or wind are
deported (dropped in
another location
Weathering causes the
rocks to break down
eschooltoday.com
Erosion (water) and transport
moves the sediments downhill
to another place •weathering - process that breaks
rocks into sediments
Weathering Types of chemical weathIGTING
Reaction With Water
Reaction with Acid
Reaction with Oxygen
Reactions with Organisms
chemical weathering - when
minerals in rock change into new
substances (carbonation,
oxidation, hydrolysis, acidification) esclicoltoday.com
Water collects
in rock crack
1
Water freezes and
expands, forcing
crack to widen
2
•physical
weathering -
physical forces
break rock into
smaller pieces
Ice thaws, contracts
and water gets deeper
into cracks again
3
Repeated expansion
and contraction
causes further
cracks till rock
splits
4 erosion – involves weathering &
removal of rock by water, wind, ice
or gravity the process of dropping
sediment by water or wind
deposition
river source
bolders
How Deposition Works
cobbles
Mcy 20nys
Decreasing vanuity of chantier
21 - She-wond
deposition - process where
sediments drop once force
carrying them stop (wind,
water, etc)
•
Order of Deposition
pebbles
2- Meve
sand
silt
fiver mouth
diay
100ss- 10002-00Wkt.com
sediments
deposited
according to size
●
• largest drop first
(pebbles)
followed by
smaller (sand) •compaction & cementation
•compaction - process that
squeezes, or compacts sediments
Turning Sediment into Rock
Lithification: processes transform sediments into rock
Pore space
Cement agent
After deposition
Cementation
Precipitation Crystals precipitate directly from solution
Compaction Key
Increasing
pressure
Erosion
Particles carried away
from their source
by water or wind
Deposition
Particles deposited
as loosely packed
sediment
Compaction
Particles squeezed
together under
great pressure
Cementation
Particles glued
together as mineral
solutions harden
cementation - takes place
when dissolved minerals are
deposited in the tiny spaces
among sediments Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
• can be classified by the way they form
•clastic sedimentary rocks - rocks
made of weathered bits of rock &
minerals
Breccia
Clastic
sedimentary
rock ●
• clastic rocks grouped according to
size
Conglomerate
Breccia
•conglomerate -
round, larger
particles
•breccia - particles
are angular •sandstone
- most
sediments
sand sized
Shale
●
Sandstone
shale - very
fine-grained
sediment (most
common
sedimentary rock) •chemical sedimentary rocks -
forms when dissolved minerals
precipitate from water solutions
• occurs when water evaporates
or boils off leaving solid product
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Gyspum
Travertine
Rock salt
Chert
Phys Goology
Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - Evaporites
rock sielt
Nao
rock gypram
1. • limestone, rock
salt, chert, flint, &
rock gypsum
• 90% of limestones
formed from
biochemical sediment
(contains shells &
skeletal remains of
organisms that settle
to ocean floor) Features of Sedimentary Rock
many features of sedimentary rocks are
clues to how, when & where rocks
formed
• every layer of sedimentary rock
records layer of sediment deposition a alamy stock photo
in undisturbed rock, oldest layers
are found at the bottom &
youngest at top
3 (19961
2 (1995)
1 (19941 •fossils are unique to some
sedimentary rocks & can be used
to learn about rocks that contain
them
Mammals
Dinosaurs
ig
WAS
Fishes
Amphibians
perrs
Trilobites
•fossils - traces or remains of
ancient life Texture
(grain size)
Coarse
(over 2 mm)
Clastic
Medium
(1/16 to 2 mm)
Fine
(1/16 to
1/256 mm)
Very fine
(less than
1/256 mm)
Classification of Major Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Sediment Name Rock Name Composition
Gravel
(rounded fragments)
Gravel
(angular fragments)
Sand
Mud
Mud
Conglomerate
Breccia
Sandstone
Siltstone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Shale
Calcite, CaCO
Quartz, SiO₂
Gypsum
CaSO 2H₂O
Halite, NaCl
Altered plant
fragments
Texture
(grain size)
Fine to coarse
crystalline
Visible
shells and shell
fragments loosely
cemented
Various size shells
and shell fragments
cemented with
calcite cement
Microscopic shells
and clay
Very fine
crystalline
Fine to coarse
crystalline
Fine to coarse
crystalline
Fine-grained
organic matter
Rock Name
Crystalline
Limestone
Travertine
Coquina
Fossiliferous
Limestone
Chalk
BIOCHGEICAL
Rock Salt
L120S1ONO
Chert (light colored)
Flint (dark colored)
Rock Gypsum
Bituminous Coal Ch 3.4: Metamorphic
Rocks
• metamorphic rocks - form when
existing rocks are changed by heat or
pressure
shale
slate
increasing metamorphism
phyllite
schist
gneiss Formation of Metamorphic
Rocks
most metamorphic changes occur at
elevated temps & pressures
State
With increasing temperature and pressure,
metamorphic grade also increases. The higher
the metamorphic grade, the more changed the
rock will be from its original form. The rocks
shown here are (left to right)
slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss.
Increasing Metamorphic Grade
Phylite
(Photographs by Parvinder Sethi)
Schist
Gneiss
• conditions found
a few kilometers
(over 6500 ft)
below Earth's
surface & extend
into the upper
mantle •contact metamorphism - hot
magma moves into rock
described by low-grade
metamorphism (minor changes)
surrounding rock
CONTACT METAMORPHISM
Time
magma
contact
metamorphism
ⒸStudy.com
Contact Metamorphism
Corak
recasorpres
Mayse dinam
• marble common contact
●
metamorphism rock (often
forms when magma
intrudes a limestone body) Regional Metamorphism
Contat
CUST
Lihoughere
FURTU
1phere
Low T & High P
Metamorphism
Auchessphere
Regional Metamorphism
NOO
3006
400 900
900
• regional metamorphism - results
in large-scale deformation &
high-grade metamorphism .
.
Agents of Metamorphism
• agents of metamorphism are heat,
pressure, & hydrothermal
solutions
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are formed by the effect of
heat and pressure on existing rocks.
This can greatly affect the hardness, texture or
layer patterns of the rocks.
metamorphic
Magma
Pressure from surface
rocks
rock
• heat - most important
agent of
metamorphism
heat
forming
here
Increasing contact
metamorphism
Magma
-> (forming of igneous rock)
• provides energy needed to start
chemical reactions
• heat for metamorphism comes
from magma & change in temp
with depth DIRECTED
TENKT
•pressure (stress) - increases with
depth
PRESSURE
• pressure on rocks cause
spaces between mineral grains
to close, so more compact rock
with greater density
●
• added pressure can
cause minerals to
recrystallize into new
minerals Intruded
magma
body
• reactions in solutions
•when solutions increase in temp,
reactions occur faster
• hydrothermal solutions - hot,
water-based solutions escape
from mass of magma
Hydrothermal
Hydrothermal
vein
disseminated deposits
deposits
●
• hot fluids help
recrystallization by
dissolving original
minerals & depositing
new ones Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
•classified by texture & composition
FOLIATED NON-FOLIATED
●
• two types: foliated &
nonfoliated
•foliated metamorphic
rocks - rock with a texture
that gives rock a layered
appearance (gneiss &
schist) Quartzite
Quartzite
• nonfoliated metamorphic
rocks - rock that does not
exhibit a banded or layered
appearance (marble &
quartzite)
Non-Foliates
Photos by Dr. Steve Mattox
White Marble
Marble
most contain only one type of
mineral Rock Name
Slate
Phyllite
Schist
Gneiss
Marble
-MCLOESTICO
n
с
r
e
a
g
Quartzite
Anthracite
MOTHEOLDFISE
М
e
m
Classification
Texture
F011EICO
NOHTOIIBICO
of Major Metamorphic Rocks
Grain Size
Very fine
Fine
Medium
to
Coarse
Medium
to
Coarse
Medium
to
coarse
Medium
to
coarse
Fine
Comments
Smooth dull surfaces
Breaks along wavey
surfaces, glossy sheen
Micaceous minerals
dominate
Banding of minerals
Interlocking calcite
or dolomite grains
Fused quartz grains,
massive, very hard
Shiny black organic rock
that fractures
Parent Rock
Shale,
mudstone,
or siltstone
Slate
Phyllite
Schist, granite,
or volcanic
rocks
Limestone,
dolostone
Quartz
sandstone
Bituminous
coal

Earth and Space: Ch. 3- Rocks

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Earth and Space: Ch. 3- Rocks

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Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

Knowunity was a featured story by Apple and has consistently topped the app store charts within the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

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13 M

#1

950 K+

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Love this App ❤️, I use it basically all the time whenever I'm studying