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Subjects
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Vikki Tam
8/31/2025
Biology
Genetics
2,090
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Aug 31, 2025
•
Genetics: Patterns of Heredityis a comprehensive study guide that... Show more
This page reviews the concept of genes and their relationship to DNA. It explains that a gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein, which in turn is responsible for specific traits. The page uses the example of eye color to illustrate how different gene sequences result in different traits.
Definition: A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
Example: Different gene sequences for eye color result in blue or brown eyes.
Vocabulary: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms.
This page introduces the concept of alleles and their relationship to genes. It explains that alleles are alternate forms of a gene that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes. The page uses the example of eye color to illustrate how alleles from both parents contribute to an individual's traits.
Definition: Alleles are alternate forms of a gene that occupy the same corresponding position on homologous chromosomes.
Example: For the eye color gene, a person might inherit a blue eye allele from their mother and a brown eye allele from their father.
Highlight: Homologous chromosomes carry the same genes but may have different alleles.
This page explains the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles. It introduces the convention of using uppercase letters for dominant alleles and lowercase letters for recessive alleles. The page uses the example of brown eyes being dominant over blue eyes to illustrate these concepts.
Definition: Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters and mask the effects of recessive alleles, while recessive alleles are represented by lowercase letters and are usually hidden.
Example: B represents the dominant allele for brown eyes, while b represents the recessive allele for blue eyes.
Highlight: The combination of alleles received from parents determines an individual's genotype and phenotype.
This page defines and distinguishes between genotype and phenotype. It explains that genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the physical expression of those genes. The page provides examples to illustrate how different genotypes can result in the same or different phenotypes.
Definition: Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism determined by the alleles received, while phenotype is the physical appearance of a trait determined by the genotype.
Example: A person with the genotype BB or Bb will have brown eyes (phenotype), while someone with bb will have blue eyes.
Highlight: The relationship between genotype and phenotype is crucial for understanding how genetic information is expressed in an organism's characteristics.
This page explains the concepts of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes. It defines homozygous as inheriting two of the same alleles, while heterozygous means inheriting two different alleles. The page provides examples of each type and illustrates how they are represented in genetic notation.
Definition: Homozygous genotypes have two identical alleles (BB or bb), while heterozygous genotypes have two different alleles (Bb).
Example: BB is homozygous dominant, bb is homozygous recessive, and Bb is heterozygous.
Highlight: Understanding homozygous and heterozygous genotypes is essential for predicting the inheritance of traits in offspring.
This page explains the concept of simple dominance in genetic inheritance. It describes how dominant alleles completely mask the effects of recessive alleles and provides examples of traits that follow this pattern of inheritance. The page also lists several human traits that exhibit simple dominance.
Definition: Simple dominance occurs when a dominant allele completely hides the recessive allele, requiring only one dominant allele to express the dominant trait.
Example: Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b), so individuals with BB or Bb genotypes will have brown eyes.
Highlight: Many common human traits, such as cleft chin, widow's peak, and freckles, follow the pattern of simple dominance.
This page discusses different types of twins and their genetic relationships. It explains the formation of fraternal, identical, and semi-identical twins, highlighting the differences in their genetic makeup. The page uses diagrams to illustrate the fertilization and development processes for each type of twin.
Definition: Fraternal twins result from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm, while identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits.
Example: Semi-identical twins, a rare occurrence, result from two sperm fertilizing one egg.
Highlight: Understanding the genetic differences between types of twins is important for studying inheritance patterns and genetic variation.
This page reviews the concepts of alleles and their relationship to chromosomes. It reinforces the idea that alleles are variations of genes carried on homologous chromosomes received from both parents. The page emphasizes how combinations of alleles determine genotype and phenotype.
Definition: Alleles are variations of genes carried on homologous chromosomes received from parents.
Example: The combination of alleles for eye color determines whether an individual will have brown or blue eyes.
Highlight: This review sets the stage for understanding more complex inheritance patterns and prediction methods.
This page introduces Punnett squares as a tool for predicting the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. It explains how to use Punnett squares for monohybrid crosses and how to interpret the results in terms of ratios and percentages.
Definition: A Punnett square is a diagram that predicts the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.
Example: A Punnett square for a cross between two heterozygous parents (Bb x Bb) shows the probability of offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
Highlight: Punnett squares are essential tools in genetics for predicting inheritance patterns and probabilities.
This page explains how to interpret the results of a Punnett square in terms of genotypic and phenotypic ratios. It defines these ratios and provides examples of how to calculate them from a Punnett square diagram.
Definition: Genotypic ratio represents how often each genotype appears in the offspring, while phenotypic ratio represents the expected physical traits.
Example: In a cross between two heterozygous parents (Bb x Bb), the genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 (BB:Bb:bb), and the phenotypic ratio is 3:1 (dominant:recessive).
Highlight: Understanding these ratios is crucial for predicting the likelihood of specific traits appearing in offspring.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Genetics: Patterns of Heredityis a comprehensive study guide that explores the fundamental concepts of genetics and inheritance. This guide covers key topics such as alleles, genes, genotypes, phenotypes, and various patterns of inheritance, providing students with a solid foundation... Show more
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Improve your grades
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This page reviews the concept of genes and their relationship to DNA. It explains that a gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein, which in turn is responsible for specific traits. The page uses the example of eye color to illustrate how different gene sequences result in different traits.
Definition: A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
Example: Different gene sequences for eye color result in blue or brown eyes.
Vocabulary: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces the concept of alleles and their relationship to genes. It explains that alleles are alternate forms of a gene that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes. The page uses the example of eye color to illustrate how alleles from both parents contribute to an individual's traits.
Definition: Alleles are alternate forms of a gene that occupy the same corresponding position on homologous chromosomes.
Example: For the eye color gene, a person might inherit a blue eye allele from their mother and a brown eye allele from their father.
Highlight: Homologous chromosomes carry the same genes but may have different alleles.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page explains the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles. It introduces the convention of using uppercase letters for dominant alleles and lowercase letters for recessive alleles. The page uses the example of brown eyes being dominant over blue eyes to illustrate these concepts.
Definition: Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters and mask the effects of recessive alleles, while recessive alleles are represented by lowercase letters and are usually hidden.
Example: B represents the dominant allele for brown eyes, while b represents the recessive allele for blue eyes.
Highlight: The combination of alleles received from parents determines an individual's genotype and phenotype.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page defines and distinguishes between genotype and phenotype. It explains that genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the physical expression of those genes. The page provides examples to illustrate how different genotypes can result in the same or different phenotypes.
Definition: Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism determined by the alleles received, while phenotype is the physical appearance of a trait determined by the genotype.
Example: A person with the genotype BB or Bb will have brown eyes (phenotype), while someone with bb will have blue eyes.
Highlight: The relationship between genotype and phenotype is crucial for understanding how genetic information is expressed in an organism's characteristics.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page explains the concepts of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes. It defines homozygous as inheriting two of the same alleles, while heterozygous means inheriting two different alleles. The page provides examples of each type and illustrates how they are represented in genetic notation.
Definition: Homozygous genotypes have two identical alleles (BB or bb), while heterozygous genotypes have two different alleles (Bb).
Example: BB is homozygous dominant, bb is homozygous recessive, and Bb is heterozygous.
Highlight: Understanding homozygous and heterozygous genotypes is essential for predicting the inheritance of traits in offspring.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page explains the concept of simple dominance in genetic inheritance. It describes how dominant alleles completely mask the effects of recessive alleles and provides examples of traits that follow this pattern of inheritance. The page also lists several human traits that exhibit simple dominance.
Definition: Simple dominance occurs when a dominant allele completely hides the recessive allele, requiring only one dominant allele to express the dominant trait.
Example: Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b), so individuals with BB or Bb genotypes will have brown eyes.
Highlight: Many common human traits, such as cleft chin, widow's peak, and freckles, follow the pattern of simple dominance.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page discusses different types of twins and their genetic relationships. It explains the formation of fraternal, identical, and semi-identical twins, highlighting the differences in their genetic makeup. The page uses diagrams to illustrate the fertilization and development processes for each type of twin.
Definition: Fraternal twins result from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm, while identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits.
Example: Semi-identical twins, a rare occurrence, result from two sperm fertilizing one egg.
Highlight: Understanding the genetic differences between types of twins is important for studying inheritance patterns and genetic variation.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page reviews the concepts of alleles and their relationship to chromosomes. It reinforces the idea that alleles are variations of genes carried on homologous chromosomes received from both parents. The page emphasizes how combinations of alleles determine genotype and phenotype.
Definition: Alleles are variations of genes carried on homologous chromosomes received from parents.
Example: The combination of alleles for eye color determines whether an individual will have brown or blue eyes.
Highlight: This review sets the stage for understanding more complex inheritance patterns and prediction methods.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces Punnett squares as a tool for predicting the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. It explains how to use Punnett squares for monohybrid crosses and how to interpret the results in terms of ratios and percentages.
Definition: A Punnett square is a diagram that predicts the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.
Example: A Punnett square for a cross between two heterozygous parents (Bb x Bb) shows the probability of offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
Highlight: Punnett squares are essential tools in genetics for predicting inheritance patterns and probabilities.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page explains how to interpret the results of a Punnett square in terms of genotypic and phenotypic ratios. It defines these ratios and provides examples of how to calculate them from a Punnett square diagram.
Definition: Genotypic ratio represents how often each genotype appears in the offspring, while phenotypic ratio represents the expected physical traits.
Example: In a cross between two heterozygous parents (Bb x Bb), the genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 (BB:Bb:bb), and the phenotypic ratio is 3:1 (dominant:recessive).
Highlight: Understanding these ratios is crucial for predicting the likelihood of specific traits appearing in offspring.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user