Alternative transcript:

Effect of temperature and pH on egg white as a model for effect on proteins. Lewing & Wing Learning Intention To learn about proteins and enzymes. Success Criteria - Explain how different proteins are produced - State the 5 types of proteins produced - Describe the function of enzymes KA4 - proteins and enzymes Thinking 18 - Describe why enzymes are specific Optimu - Explain the effect of changing the temperature or pH on enzyme activity. Digital Learning Enterprise LEADERS ACADEMY Leadership Literacy United in Purpose Larbert Cluster Schools MESP -- LHSMESPE Numeracy sec Types of Protein Protein shapes and functions arises from the sequence of amino acids. Proteins have different functions within plants and animals. Type of Protein Function Structural proteins Hormones Antibodies Receptors Enzyme Like hair/skin/nails- protect various parts of the body Chemical messengers which travel through the blood to their target organ Produced by your lymphocytes (white blood cells) in your immune system to fight disease (found in your blood) Proteins found on a cell's membrane, e.g. hormone receptors. Speed up chemical reactions REMEMBER - SHARE Properties of Enzymes There are 5 main properties of enzymes: They are made from protein They are biological catalysts They are made by all living cells They speed up cellular reactions and remain unchanged in the process They are specific to their substrate Quick Questions 1. Name the five main roles/functions of proteins. 2. What is the subunit of proteins? 3. Give at least one fact about enzymes. 1. Name the five main roles/functions of proteins. Structural, hormones, antibodies, receptors and enzymes (SHARE) 2. What is the subunit of proteins? Amino acids 3. Give at least one fact about enzymes. Enzymes are biological catalysts They are found in all living cells They are made of proteins They remain unchanged after completing reactions They speed up cellular reactions - - Enzyme Reactions. Enzyme reactions always have the following structure. Substrate (molecule the enzyme is working on) Enzyme Product (molecule produced at the end of the reaction) TIP - you should set out your diagrams and equations like this substrate active site Enzyme Reactions. enzyme substrate enzyme A products enzyme B enzyme-substrate complex 1. Substrates bind to the enzyme at a place called the active site. 2. The shape of the active site is complementary to its specific substrate(s). 3. When the substrate binds to the enzyme it forms an enzyme-substrate complex which facilitates the reaction. 4. Enzyme action results in product(s). TRUE or FALSE? 1. Enzymes are proteins. 2. Enzymes are catalysts. 3. The shape of an enzyme is critical to its function. 4. An enzyme's shape is determined by the sequence of carbohydrates in its structure. Enzymes are non-specific. 5. 6. Enzymes are changed in reactions. Types of Enzyme Reactions There are two types of enzyme reactions - degradation and synthesis. Equations for them both follow this structure: Substrate Enzyme Product Type 1 - Degradation Reactions Degradation reactions involve enzymes breaking larger molecules down into smaller molecules. active site substrate enzyme enzyme-subtrate complex Degradation reaction products enzyme Degradation Examples Substrate Starch Hydrogen Peroxide Fats Protein Enzyme Amylase Catalase Lipase Pepsin Product Maltose Oxygen + Water SAM Amino acids HPCOW Fatty acids + glycerol FLFAG PPAA starch Starch is made of many glucose molecules joined in a big chain. amylase maltose Maltose is made of only 2 glucose molecules. This means they can now be absorbed by the gut and used by cells for energy Type 2 - Synthesis Reactions Synthesis reactions involve enzymes building up smaller molecules into larger ones. active site substrates enzyme enzyme-subtrate complex Synthesis reaction product enzyme Synthesis Example You only need to know one example of a synthesis reaction. Substrate Glucose-1-phosphate Enzyme Phosphorylase Starch Product G1PPS glucose-1-phosphate Glucose-1-phosphate is made of individual glucose molecules. Phosphorylase starch Starch is made of many glucose molecules joined together in a large chain. Quick Questions 1. What is an enzyme? 2. What are enzymes made of? 3. What word is used to describe a reaction that breaks something down? 4. What word is used to describe a reaction that builds up smaller substances to make a more complex one? 5. Name the place where a substrate binds to an enzyme. 6. Can enzymes be reused? 1. What is an enzyme? a biological catalyst 2. What are enzymes made of? proteins - 3. What word is used to describe a reaction that breaks something down? - - degradation reaction 4. What word is used to describe a reaction that builds up smaller substances to make a more complex one? synthesis reaction 5. Name the place where a substrate binds to an enzyme. active site 6. Can enzymes be reused? yes Factors affecting enzyme activity Each enzyme is most active in its optimum conditions. Enzymes, and other proteins, can be affected by: Temperature - pH Temperature and Enzyme Activity maximum activity at optimum temperature enzyme activity temperature (°C) The effect of temperature on enzyme activity Denatured Temperature and Enzyme Activity maximum activity at optimum temperature 나 temperature (°C) The effect of temperature on enzyme activity enzyme activity Denatured Describing an enzyme temperature graph: 1. As the temperature increases from 0°C, the enzyme activity also increases up until it reaches the optimum temperature for the enzyme. 2. Optimum temperature is where the enzyme is most active/ its rate of activity is highest 3. As the temperature increases above optimum, the enzyme activity decreases. 4. Eventually, at very high temperatures the enzyme denatures. Temperature and Enzyme Activity Different enzymes have different optimum temperatures. NOTE: Human enzymes have a temperature of 37°C but don't assume this unless it is stated in the question. If an enzyme reaches a very high temperature it will denature. If an enzyme denatures, this results in a change in the shape of the active site so the substrate can no longer bind. substrate active site enzyme enzyme exposed to very high temperature } Denaturation substrate altered active site denatured enzyme pH and Enzyme Activity Each enzyme also has an optimum pH: the pH where an enzyme is most active. Increasing enzyme activity MA 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH Pepsin Enzyme Optimum pH Catalase Most enzymes have an optimum pH around neutral but there are exceptions. pH and Enzyme Activity The enzyme pepsin is found in the stomach and has an optimum pH of 2 whereas the enzyme trypsin is found in the small intestine and has an optimum pH of 8. optimal pH for pepsin (stomach enzyme) ИЛ 2 3 4 5 PH The effect of pH on enzyme activity enzyme activity 01 optimal pH for trypsin (intestinal enzyme) 67 8 9 10 Quick Questions TRUE or FALSE? 1. Enzymes are made of carbohydrates. 2. Starch breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. 3. The optimum is the name given to the conditions in which an enzyme is at its most active. 4. Temperature and sunlight are two factors which affect enzyme activity. Lewing & Wing Learning Intention To learn about proteins and enzymes. Success Criteria - Explain how different proteins are produced - State the 5 types of proteins produced - Describe the function of enzymes KA4 - proteins and enzymes Thinking 18 - Describe why enzymes are specific Optimu - Explain the effect of changing the temperature or pH on enzyme activity. Digital Learning Enterprise LEADERS ACADEMY Leadership Literacy United in Purpose Larbert Cluster Schools MESP -- LHSMESPE Numeracy sec