Biology
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Biology
Dec 11, 2025
402
3 pages
Simple study and revision notes ❤️ @studysimplegirl
Stem cells are like the body's master builders - they're unspecialised cells that can transform into any type... Show more
Your life began when a sperm cell fertilised an ovum (egg cell), creating a tiny ball of cells called an embryo. These early cells are absolutely remarkable because they haven't decided what they want to be yet - they're completely undifferentiated.
Through a process called differentiation, these stem cells gradually specialise and transform into specific types like nerve cells, muscle cells, and blood cells. Think of it like students choosing their career paths - initially, they have endless possibilities.
Stem cells are defined as undifferentiated cells that can both create more copies of themselves and differentiate into various specialised cell types. This dual ability makes them incredibly valuable for medical treatments.
Key Point Early embryo stem cells are the most powerful because they can become absolutely any type of body cell - this is called being "pluripotent".
Your bone marrow contains stem cells that constantly produce new blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This natural factory keeps your blood supply fresh and healthy throughout your life.
Bone marrow transplants offer hope for patients with leukaemia, a cancer that destroys healthy bone marrow. Doctors first use radiation to eliminate the patient's diseased bone marrow, then transplant healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor.
The transplanted stem cells divide rapidly to create new bone marrow and differentiate into the various blood cells the patient needs. However, this treatment isn't without risks.
Major challenges include finding a compatible donor (otherwise the new white blood cells might attack the patient's body) and the potential transmission of viruses from donor to patient.
Remember Compatibility is crucial - mismatched transplants can be more dangerous than helpful.
Therapeutic cloning represents cutting-edge medicine where scientists create an embryo with identical genes to the patient. This means the stem cells won't be rejected by the patient's immune system when transplanted.
These cloned stem cells can potentially treat conditions like diabetes or paralysis by replacing damaged or non-functioning cells. The personalised approach eliminates rejection problems that plague traditional transplants.
However, ethical concerns surround this technique since embryos are destroyed in the process and cannot give consent. Different people hold varying religious and moral views about this practice.
Plant stem cells work differently - they're found in meristem tissue within roots and buds. Unlike human stem cells, plant stem cells remain active throughout the plant's entire life, constantly producing new tissue.
Scientists use plant stem cells to clone rare plants and prevent extinctions, or to create identical crop plants for farmers seeking consistent harvests.
Fascinating Fact Plant stem cells never "retire" - they keep working for the plant's entire lifespan, whether that's months or hundreds of years!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
18
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential components of cells, including the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, along with their functions in living organisms. This summary covers key concepts such as cell types, stem cells, and the role of organ systems in biology. Ideal for GCSE Biology revision.
BiologyExplore the fundamentals of stem cells and mitosis in this comprehensive summary. Understand the differences between embryonic and adult stem cells, their applications in medicine, and the cell cycle stages including cytokinesis. This resource is essential for students studying cell biology and regenerative medicine.
BiologyExplore the origins and characteristics of stem cells, including embryonic, adult bone marrow, and plant meristems. This summary covers their differentiation potential, ethical considerations, and applications in medicine and agriculture.
BiologyExplore key concepts in Cell Biology for GCSE AQA Combined Science. This comprehensive mind map covers essential topics such as diffusion, osmosis, cell differentiation, and the cell cycle, providing a clear understanding of cellular structures and their functions. Ideal for revision and exam preparation.
BiologyExplore the essential concepts of stem cells in AQA GCSE Biology, including their types, differentiation, and applications in medicine and agriculture. This summary covers embryonic and adult stem cells, therapeutic cloning, ethical considerations, and plant stem cells in meristems. Ideal for revision and understanding key biological processes.
BiologyExplore the complexities of stem cell research, including the ethical debates surrounding embryonic stem cells, their potential in medicine, and the differences between embryonic and adult stem cells. This summary covers key concepts such as differentiation, cloning, and the role of stem cells in treating diseases. Ideal for biology students studying cell biology (Topic B1).
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Simple study and revision notes ❤️
@studysimplegirl
Stem cells are like the body's master builders - they're unspecialised cells that can transform into any type of cell your body needs. Understanding how these amazing cells work opens up incredible possibilities for treating diseases and injuries that were... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your life began when a sperm cell fertilised an ovum (egg cell), creating a tiny ball of cells called an embryo. These early cells are absolutely remarkable because they haven't decided what they want to be yet - they're completely undifferentiated.
Through a process called differentiation, these stem cells gradually specialise and transform into specific types like nerve cells, muscle cells, and blood cells. Think of it like students choosing their career paths - initially, they have endless possibilities.
Stem cells are defined as undifferentiated cells that can both create more copies of themselves and differentiate into various specialised cell types. This dual ability makes them incredibly valuable for medical treatments.
Key Point: Early embryo stem cells are the most powerful because they can become absolutely any type of body cell - this is called being "pluripotent".
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your bone marrow contains stem cells that constantly produce new blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This natural factory keeps your blood supply fresh and healthy throughout your life.
Bone marrow transplants offer hope for patients with leukaemia, a cancer that destroys healthy bone marrow. Doctors first use radiation to eliminate the patient's diseased bone marrow, then transplant healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor.
The transplanted stem cells divide rapidly to create new bone marrow and differentiate into the various blood cells the patient needs. However, this treatment isn't without risks.
Major challenges include finding a compatible donor (otherwise the new white blood cells might attack the patient's body) and the potential transmission of viruses from donor to patient.
Remember: Compatibility is crucial - mismatched transplants can be more dangerous than helpful.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Therapeutic cloning represents cutting-edge medicine where scientists create an embryo with identical genes to the patient. This means the stem cells won't be rejected by the patient's immune system when transplanted.
These cloned stem cells can potentially treat conditions like diabetes or paralysis by replacing damaged or non-functioning cells. The personalised approach eliminates rejection problems that plague traditional transplants.
However, ethical concerns surround this technique since embryos are destroyed in the process and cannot give consent. Different people hold varying religious and moral views about this practice.
Plant stem cells work differently - they're found in meristem tissue within roots and buds. Unlike human stem cells, plant stem cells remain active throughout the plant's entire life, constantly producing new tissue.
Scientists use plant stem cells to clone rare plants and prevent extinctions, or to create identical crop plants for farmers seeking consistent harvests.
Fascinating Fact: Plant stem cells never "retire" - they keep working for the plant's entire lifespan, whether that's months or hundreds of years!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
18
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential components of cells, including the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, along with their functions in living organisms. This summary covers key concepts such as cell types, stem cells, and the role of organ systems in biology. Ideal for GCSE Biology revision.
BiologyExplore the fundamentals of stem cells and mitosis in this comprehensive summary. Understand the differences between embryonic and adult stem cells, their applications in medicine, and the cell cycle stages including cytokinesis. This resource is essential for students studying cell biology and regenerative medicine.
BiologyExplore the origins and characteristics of stem cells, including embryonic, adult bone marrow, and plant meristems. This summary covers their differentiation potential, ethical considerations, and applications in medicine and agriculture.
BiologyExplore key concepts in Cell Biology for GCSE AQA Combined Science. This comprehensive mind map covers essential topics such as diffusion, osmosis, cell differentiation, and the cell cycle, providing a clear understanding of cellular structures and their functions. Ideal for revision and exam preparation.
BiologyExplore the essential concepts of stem cells in AQA GCSE Biology, including their types, differentiation, and applications in medicine and agriculture. This summary covers embryonic and adult stem cells, therapeutic cloning, ethical considerations, and plant stem cells in meristems. Ideal for revision and understanding key biological processes.
BiologyExplore the complexities of stem cell research, including the ethical debates surrounding embryonic stem cells, their potential in medicine, and the differences between embryonic and adult stem cells. This summary covers key concepts such as differentiation, cloning, and the role of stem cells in treating diseases. Ideal for biology students studying cell biology (Topic B1).
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology