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and telophase. There are no sharp divisions between each phase. but they do all have their own. purpose. During prophase and prometaphose the DNA wound up and sorted and the nuclear membrane gets broken down so the micro- tubules outside the nucleas can grab onto the chromosomes and start moving the two centrosomes apart. The microtubules grow from opposite poles of the cell, when chromosomes kinetochore is grabbed by a microtubule it will start moving to- wards the potes. At metaphas the chromosomes are alinged on a plane midway between the spindles of both poles, when the cohesion between sister chro- matins break, anaphase starts. The cells elongates by nonkinetochore and microtubules push apart. Motor protens attatched to the centromere of the chromosome walk along the microtubules carrying opposite sides of the cell where anaphose ends. The nuclei is then reformed during telophase. Finally cytokinesis happens which tugs on the cells microfilam- ents, tightening them and pinching the membrane into two doughter cells. the chromosomes to telophase Bercy cytokinesis midbody ring and dussion of mone ay Ⓒandel pro means beginning meta imeons middle 0011 other organelles in a cell are not separated in an Organized manner, they just dunde into both poles MOTIC (MPE Mbuon of view daug nu lach daughter cell can start a new c he cell double checks the error, making any repairing any neede S Each of the 46 Mitosis Cytokinesis G₁ Cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes are duplicated DEFINITIONS: Cell Division: The reproduction of cells. Genome A cell's genetic information (DNA). Chromosome A packaged structure of DNA and proteins. Chromatin The entire complex of material inside a chromosome 22) Go Cell cycle arrest Stomatic Cells: All body cells except the reproductive cells (16 chromosomes) Gametes Cells: Reproductive cells. (23 chromosomes) Centromere: A region made up of repetitive sequences in chromosomal DNA where chromatid is attatched to sister chromatid. Mitosis the division of genetic matend in the nucleus. Cytokinesis The dursion of the cytoplasm. DEFINITIONS: Cell Cycle the life of a cells from the time its fist formed during the division of its parent cel until its own division into two daughter cells. Mitotic Phase (M): The shortest part of the cycle which includes mitosis and cytokiness. Interphase: The phase where a cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasme aganelles. Prophease the phose where chromaton filbers are more tightly coiled. one nuchesh disappears, suster encomends you of their centromers and mitotic spindles form, Prometaphase the phase where the nuclear envelope fragments, and Kinetochone is formed at the center of each chromated. Metaphase: The phase where chromosomes are at opposite poles of the cell and the metaphase plate is formed once every saster chromatid is attatched to a kinetochone microt foule. Ara pecse: The pease where soter chromatids separate and the call elongates. Telophose: The phase where the two daughter ces nucler form, the nucleah reappears and the chromosomes become less condensed. its Mitotic spindle Fibers made of microtubules that associate with proteins. Binary Fasion: The process of a cell and then dividing. kmetochore A structure mode up of proteins that have assembed on specific sections of DNA of each centromere. Metaprisse Plate: The "plate" of chromosomes in the midway between both spridle poles. Cleavage funt: A shallow groove in the cells Surface near od metaphase plate. growning munce Nucleolus Chromosomes cated uncondensed Centrosomes (with centricle par membrane 12.3 In plant cells the cell wall forms inside the brane and two daughter cells are left. CONCEPT PARAGRAPH: The frequency of cell division varies with each cell type. Rythmic flucuation con- rols a molecules pace of sequential events. kinase and cylin are the molecules used in cell division to regulate the system. Kinase activley depends on the cyclin concentration, for example cyclin concentration rises doning the s and G2 phase but abruptly fall during the M phase so pattern. kinose is the enzyme that turns all the replicating enzymes on, but will only do so the presence of enough cyclin. MDF (maturation promoting factor) causes the phosphorylation of these proteins and will turn them off. Throughout the cell cycle there are checkpoint signals that report whether certain crucial cellular processes that should have occured actually have occured properly. The checkports register signals from outside and inside the ensure the process u correct. Each checkpoint has the cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) that will open up to or refute the cell. CDK is always present but will only be actuated of the process is running smoothly and enough cyclin is. present. Cancer cells become deformed because the cell does not respond to cell to its regulating signals so will either stop dividing at a random moment not checkpoint or will divide indefinitley, ignoring the at are prevents this pinching so instead a cell plate cell and grows until it fases with the cell's plasma mem- G 10 inhibitors that essential genes will block the cyclin and CDK protens from turning active. will never get actuated. In order for a tumor to to turn must be nounshed and grow which is why cancer is more kinase follows this same malignant it. common in older people. checkpoints. There MDF controlls the cela. passage through the GZ checkpoint. External forces such as density or ancremige auginal the cell to stop dinding it the autode conditions are not proper M checkpoint G₁ DEFINITIONS: Cell Cycle Control System: A cyclically operorating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. Checkpoint A point in the cell cycle where stop and go signals are regulated. GO Phase: A nondividing stage of interphase where no cell growth happens. Growth Factor: A protein released by certain cells to stimulate cell dursion in other cells Density Dependent Inhibition: The process that stops cells from duiding when they are too crowded. Anchorage Dependence the property of a cell mod must atratched to something means else in order to divide Transformation. The property of a cell that can agave the cality to dunde indefinitely, Benign Tumor: Alapormal cells mat remoon at ther angin site and are not harmful Nalignant Tumor Monormal cells that can spread ito new fissue and implars His function Metastasis: The spread of cancer cells from their onging state to distant locations. G, checkpoint Control system G₂ G₂ checkpoint Early mitotic Ben ter chromatids Kinetochone S Centimere Norkinetochore microtubules Kinetich microtubule 000000