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forming, but all of them can morph back into each other. This is the rock cycle. Igneous rocks form when molten magma, or lava, solidifies and rises up. Examples of igneous rocks are granite and basalt, both very common types of rocks. Sedementary rocks form in perceivaldle layers. Small rock fragments as well as remains of plants and animals are pressed together by heavy materials lying above the rocks. Metamorphic rocks are made from igneous or sedementary rocks. Heat and pressure from tectonic plates help the rocks change into metamorphic rocks. This would relate to Earth Science because different types of rocks help shape Earth and its geography. Layers of Earth EQ: What are the layers of the Earth? Mantile ·Solid matter -870°C -4,400° C Silicon, Oxygen, Iron, Magnesium Upper Crust 71-aka Lithosphere the very surface solid matter ONLY ·870° C Surface Temp Oxygen, silicon, Alummum, Calcium, Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium Inner Core. Enner Cace -Solid matter ·6,100°C -7,000°C -Iron, Nickel Ambur Cars -Liquid matter -4,400°C-6,100°C Iron, Nickel SUPERSTAR WORKSHEETS Lower Crust -Aka Asthenosphere -layer under Lithosphore •Solid matter -810°C Surface Temp Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Calcium, Iran, sedium, potassium, Maganium "Inner" means the "insides of Earth" 3.) Come Up with a mnemonic device to help you remember the layers. Lithosphere "L" for "lift" meaning "up" Asthosphere -"A" for "asteroid" falling "down" meaning "lower" Mantle - "M" for "middle" Outer Core- "Outer" means "outside" so this shell is outside of the inner Michelle Ho 3/26/21 Per 4-Science 3/31/21 Video#! •Crust- ocean crust made of basalt Crust continental crust made of granite Crust +upper mantle= Lithosphere .Outer Core made of Nickel and Iron Reflection Questions: 1.) How does the temperature of each layer compare overall as you reach the core? Overall, the temperature rises/falls from 870°C to 7000°C. Also, the temperature rose a few thousand degrees per layer. This happens after reaching the mantle. core deepest hole dug was 12 km deep and 9 inches deep -did not break the crust AT ALL -7 km deep, micro-organisms billions of years old living in rocks ‒‒‒ 2.) What do most of the layers have in common? Most of the layers have an inner and outer shell. For example, the crust has two shells, the Upper crust and Lower crust. The core also has two shells. 3/31/21 Video #2 ·layers are layered by density Heavier things (iron + nickel) fill the middle, lighter items stay on the surface "' Divergent • Plates moving away. from each other *"Dodge" or "Drive Away" Occur on mid-ocean ridges or land at rift valleys vid: - creates new crust Rift valley-deep cracks or valleys Upper Crust Lower crust Divergent Rift Valley Mantle Upper Crust Plate Boundaries Convergent Plates move toward each other "Collide together" or "Crash together" Mountains form when plates converge Lower Crust ● older crust is consumed (usually when continental plates collide) • occurs between oceanic and continental plate, two oceanic plates, or two continental plates vid: - takes millions of years to collide Asia India Convergent Created Himalayan Mountain Range - Tree Map Subduction Plates collide, but one plate slides under other plate • Occurs between two oceanic plates or oceanic and continental plates vid: - Deep ocean trenches form where this happens * Oceanic plates are denser than continental plates • Denser plate will slide under vid: - slide in opposite directions Subduction Crust Upper Lower crust Upper Cusse Lower crust Mantle Transverse Plates moving past or alongside each other **Travel alongside" Ocean Trench •Occur at sliding boundary . ex. San Andreas Fault (local) URALE Lower Crust Mantle Transverse Fauline Lower Mantle Crust Evidence of Tectonic Activity EQ: How do natural processes like the seafloor spreading and hot spot volcanoes show evidence that tectonic activity occurs? evidence of tectonic activity can be found in products of Earth's geologic processes ex. seafloor spreading <Hotspot Volcanoes> ex. hot spot volcanoes - Area on Earth on mantle plumes (hot spots) magma hotter than surrounding magma Characteristics of Hotspots • melts & thins the crust <Seafloor Spreading> • forms when oceanic crust diverges from each other • creates new crust (subduction destroys old crust) • decreases sea level Sequence of Events Early Rifting - crust and mantle lithosphere thin Early Rifting Advanced Rifting - severe thinning in Lithosphere Advanced Rifting Seafloor Spreading- creates new crust Passive margin Seafloor Spreading Mid-Ocean Ridges Mantle Upwelling & Decompression Melting · Volcanic activity at hotspots create scamounts (small mountains) •some seamounts can reach ocean's surface, creates islands ex. Mount Kilauea, Mantle Plume, Hawaiian Islands Age of Oceanic Lithosphere (m.y.) MR., M.SC. Gata, and W. Rok Aggaling and paling mury of the world's touche Graplyn. Grogat, & Ogień, - Seafloor spreading creates ridges - the faster the rifting the shallower the ridge/mounds - the slower the spread, the steeper the cliffs/trenches Red Sea formed by seafloor spreading Seafloor Features • occurs away from plate boundaries • hotspots stay in the same spot; plates move "This is why some volcanoes are extinct ·can form beneath continents/oceans Scamounts • created by movements of crust • seafloor spreading causes mountain ranges • subduction creates deep trenches Mariana Trench (11,000m) is the deepest point on Earth • other relief points are volcanoes, mountains, plains •Sonar images /deep sea machines help study ocean floor 20 ல் 60 பல் to 1o vo to the 2o 2N0 To 18. qu Summary Two examples of evidence of tectonic activity are seafloors spreading and hotspot volcanoes. Seafloor spread happens when plate boundaries diverge. Seafloor spreading creates new crust and create mountains. Hot spots are places far away from plate boundaries where magma is hotter then the surrounding magma. They remain even after the plates move. Hotspets create seamounts, or small mountains. If the mountains reach the oceans surface, chains of islands like Hawaii form.