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and organic (living) components. Sand Silt clay -humus (main organic part (broken down biomors, -nutrients (ammonium, phospates, nitrates) -water air living organisms. - plant growth anchors roots and provides water, shelty, nutrients (N.P.K. Mg) 63 water filters by trapping pollutants in pore spaces & plant roste e nutrient recycling decomposers break down dead org matter of return nutrients. habitat: provides hab for org like earthworms, fungi, backria, moles, slugs weathering breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces (= soil formation) - physical (wind, rain, freezing / thauling of ice). - biological Croots of trees cracking rocks) - Chemical (acid rain, acid from mas (lichen) en Soil horizons degradatio prostor transport of weathered rock fragments (wind and rain) 4 carried to new location and deposited Coleposition) of weathering parent material produces small fragments moking up in org part. - sand sliti olay -minerals -breakdown of sig matter adds hymus to soll, erosion deposite from other areas Climals warmer Caster breakdown of org matter parent material. Soil pH, nutrient content topography: steep slope: 100 much ensin more lovel grond: deposition whore precip. -weatons a erosion, & doposition organismis soil org, like bacteria Ringi, wichs breakdown org matsor 0-Horizon: layer of org matter on top of soil (provides mulieris Elimits th₂0 loss) A-Horizon: (topsoil), layer of humus & min. from parlent mat (most biological activity) B. Horizon (subsoil) made of minerals w/ little to no dig matter (Csome nutrients) C- Horizon least weathered soil clafest to parent mat (bedrock) nutrient depletion: Compaction: loss of topsail: -repeatedly growing crops -compression of soil by machkas, -tiling & loss of vegetation disturb on the same soil lemones key mustrients (N.P, Na, Mg lover time reduces ability to grow future crip livestock, & humans reduces ability toy had moisture -dry soil eroches more easily -dry soil supports less plant gruth Soil smore easily eroded. ·loss of top soil dries out soit, remoung nutnents & organisms less root flucture rasion 1/26 unit 4.3: Soil Composition & Properties Notes in a soil Calways Soil texture / of sand, silt, & clay ins porosity amount of pore space a sail hes more! -more sand = more porous/higher porosity (easier for water of air to enter) clay = 1 = less porous/ porosity (harder for water & air to enter) permeability how easily water droing through a rail (low porsity=high perm) litt₂0 hoiding mpocity how well water is retained, or held by a soil (more perm-low cop) -soil that is too sondy (too permeable draws water too quickly for roots + dries out clay heavy soll doesn't let H₂0 drain to roads, or waterlog's (suffiscating them) -ideal soil = loam (balances porosity/drainage, w/ the holding cap). Soil fertility: ability of soil to support plant growth. Nutrients: (N, P, K+ Mg²+, Co²+, Na²) |Water. -factors that increase: -org, matter (release) humus cholds & regases). -decomposers Crecycles) -Clay (he charge buds pos nutrients) ·bases (calcium carbonate-limestoned - factors that decrease' Characteristic -acids that leadh -excessive rain line. excessive farming. topsoil erosion texture permeability LpH color nutrient level pos charge mut adds to (00%) Concentration compare w/ Joil book color chart measure ammonium, nitrate, or prapate level. -necols to hold works, but not too much - faciers whet neventewading cap -aevaled soil Cological activity) --compost humus, orgimantter -clay content" -rost structure esp. natives what it tells you let soil sit in jor of water 4. of sand, silt, and clay-how porqus). measure the 3 layers permeable soil is Hime for H₂0 to drain through how easily ways drains througes Sall column of soil pH strip - 11+ ion -factors that decrease Hop-oil erosion sord -root loss how acidic (low pH) or basic laikame (night) soil is; more acial sail = les nostres fil the darker I move hunus. move rutrente & moshere higher mirent levels = more blant growth. low love! : acidic 2/2 Unit 44 Atmosphere Notes. Nitrogen -78%. (Mostly in N₂ form (unusable to plants w/o being fixed)) Oxygen - 21% (Produced by photosynthesis in plante & needed for respiration) Argon-0.93%. (Inert, noble. (unreactive)) gas Water Vapor - 0-4%. (varies by region & conditions (temp. GHG) (quickly cycles through)) CO₂-0.04%. (Most concerning GHG; leads to global warming (removed through photosyn masis) Exosphere: outermost layer where atm. merges w/ space (neat) Thermosphere: un sas atmosphere space surface . (second) Stratos (middle) Mesosphore: 60-80 km, even less dense. - absorbs harmful x-rays & UV radiation - changed gas molecules glow under intense solar radiation (Nlights) have: -16-60 km; less dense due to less pressure from layers above - thickst & layer; absores UV-B/C rays which con mutate DNA (concer) -weather occurs here (change) Troposplent: -0-16 km, most dease due to pressvine of other layers obove it - most of atm gas moleculer Bund here • ozone (g) in trop, is harmful to humors (respiratory irritant) & damages plant smota, and forms smog them timp ↑ due to absorption of highly energetic anlar radiation (3,100°F) meso.: temp ble dentity decmoses, leaving fower molecules to obrovt sun (-180°F) strat : temp ↑ ble top layer is vormed tropo: temp as air gett further from warmth of earth's surface UV vays by 2/8 Unit 4.5: Global Wind Patters Notes properties air 65 Atmospheric Circulation: -energy from Sunlight. Coriolis Effect Air Properties: Dry, Cold Air H pressure Hadley Cell aby) desert 30°N (2) GCIS) tropic 5 Hadiay cell pressure equator (dry) desert -density properties of aid rotation of carth (Coriolis Effect) 1.) More direct sunlight @ equator warms air 2.) warm air rises, couls, and expands H₂O vapor condences into raid 3.) Air continues to rise, cool, and expond 4.) Cooling, expanding air spivads out 5.) Cool, chy air sinks back down to earth @30°NES Deserts form here due to lack of moisture warm air rises & holds more moisture thas cold -rising air expands: & cools - cool air can't hold as much H₂O vapor (condenses ⇒ rain! -after rooling & expanding, air arks -deflection of objects traveling through orto due to spir of earth. -air @30° moves back to 6 pressure of equator -wind between 0-30° moves from faw (bb earth is spinning ward.. - wind between 30-60° moves w€ (blo earth sphy faster @ 80° than 60° (2) Air moves out from 30⁰ to 0⁰ and 60⁰ due to M pressing @30 & L pressive @ 60²4 0² @equator = L pressure, air sinking @sº- H pressure (2) 0°-30° winds blow E->W (Eastern Trade) Lair rising Lydrives ocean current in N Hem, 2 in s tem. 3.) 30°-60° winds blow W-E (westerlies) ↳drives weather patterns of N America 1 ( human 218 Unit 46: Watersheds Notes call of the land that drain into a specific body of war (river, lake, etc) ・determined by stope; ridges of land divide wortersheds (diff runoff drivections -vegetation, soil composition, stope plays a role. Amore vegetation = more infiltration & groundwater recharge Stoodil solutions ↳ • greater slope = faster velocity of runoff & more soil erosion ↳ Soil permeability determines runoff vs. infiltration rates human activities impact the quality (ag. clear cutting, urbanization, domisi mines Chesapeake Bay Watershed: 6 stale region that drains into streams/rivers + -mix of f&s water & nutrients in sediment make estuary hobitats productive -Estuaries & nettonds provide ecosystem services: → tourism neverive - hotels, restaurants, permits swater filtration (grass roots trap pollution hobitati for food sonices (fish & crows) *Storm pravication (absorbing & kufaring floods nutrient pollution (N & P) - europhication -algae bluson due to increase (NIP) -Foucreased sunlight plante belawe surface die → bacteria use up of for decomp → hypoxia (low O₂) & dead zones "discharge from sewage treatment plants, animal waste from CAFOS, &f synthetic fert. other pollutants: -endocrine disrupters (sewage treatment) - sediment polvuation (deforestation, urbanization, tilling) ↳s increases turbidity (reduces photosy with). -enhanced nutrient removal - septic tank: upgrades •cover crops -riparian buffers -Onimal manure mgmnt.. 2/9 Unit 47: Solar Radiation & Earth's seasons Notes insolation amnt of solar radiation reaching an area (watts/m²) depends on... bangle: how directly rays strike surface. bamnt of atm the sun's rays pass through. equator higher insolation than other lats. (higher lot = more energy spand)! -the orbit around the sun & tilt on axis changes angle of Jun's rays 2 ↳ June & Dec. Solstices : N or 5 Hem, is max. tilted towards sun (summer/ winke) 3: 1:equator recieves most direct insolation. 1 3 Lymar & Sept Equinox N & S Hem. equally facing sun (spring /fall) N & 5 Hem get 12 hours of sunlight Spring in N/ fall in s 2: tilted max toward sun. longest day in N(start of summer) shortest day in S(start of winter) Spring in S/ Fall 4:5 tilted max toward sun. جا in N day Tropic of Cand Equator longest day in is(istort of summer) shortest in Histort of winter) albedo: proportion of light reflected by a surface. (affects surface temp. Chigher albedo refizet more light & absorb less heat (ice & show) (lower albedo ⇒ reflect less light & aboord move heat Guater) bwhen sunlight is absorbed, gives of infared radiation (heat) Urban Heat Island: urban areas are hotter due to a albedo of black top ↳polar regions are colder due to high albedo Asun Location A: N Hemisphere. Summer Solstice Longer days warm tropic of cancer titled clarst to the sun wind pattems pote 20°0 (30ighropic Co equartor Capricom Go's) solar rays hitting the tropic of cancer (energy (heart)) Location B: 5 Hemisphere Winter Solstice Shorter Cold days Sun (June) 2114 Unit 48 Earth's Geography & Climate Notes Climate →largely determined by insolation Clat angle of insulation & atm.) Whigher lats recieve less insolation: cooler, less precipitation (30°) Dequator recieves most interse isolation! higher temp, air riacs, high precip geography also plays a role.... mountains: dismpt wing of produce grain shade effect. oceans moderate temp & add moisture to the air Train shadowu →warm, moist air from ocean hits the windward" side of the mitrs, rises, cools (condensing H₂O vapur & cousing rain) blush green vegetation →ary air descends down "Teeward" side of min, warming as it sinks. ↳ leads to arid (cry) desert conditions. →~30° lat contributes to lack of rain due to high pressure, dry, descending air from Hadley cell ( ( 2/14 Stualno global ocean surface Unit 4.9: El Niño & La Niña Notes. Layers arge occan circ patterns due to global wind (@in N, Dins). -E-W trade winds between 0.30⁰ push eq current E→W Westerlies between 30-60' push mid. lot currents WE pwelling Zones Greas of ocean where winds blow worn surface the away from a land Labrings mass, drawing up colder, deeper water to replace it. ·lbrings O₂ & Nutrients to surface → productive fishing Thermohaline Circulation: connects all oreans, mixing sait, nutrients & temp throughout rises back up into shallow warm green cument @ upwelling zones warm water Cools & evaporates from Gulf of Mexico moves as it moves toward North Pole spreads to is more dense, along ocean Howards poles making it fluor T sink El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) pattern of shifting atmospheric pressure & ocean currents between South A + Australia /SE frig Good later (shift) regularly from El Niño/womer rainier) to Lo viña (coder, dvier) along SA cart La Niña: Normal Year: -trade winds blows ery worker WEE & water a poder -Cool H₂ upueled off coast of SR (cos) temp & good futheries) "Warno aurront bringe weat & precip Vuctra SEASON -High pressure in east pasific -Low pressure in west podtfic CAustralia & JEA El vi Effects EL NIKOL Hradle winds weaken, then (NSE) twarm ca orrent brings heate & proup-t Kymerica expressed upwelling of SA saut (donnaging fisheries) Ausvalio 4 Fold pac --suppressed upwelling & less producatu Füheries in SA -L pressure in east paalfic (54) La Vita Effet warmer winter in much of H Komorica -increased precip. diflooding drought in SF Alla & Australia -Stronger than normal trade winds (WEEZE) -Increased upwelling of SA. coast brings cooler than normal conditions -decreated hurricane activity in Allortic an -weakened monsson activity in India & SE AMA - stronger upwelling & better fishonies in SA than normal in Americas (w count) worse torrado actuty in US & hurricane Ostivity in Atlantic -Caster, arter weather in Americas rainier, warmer, increased monsoons in