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Fire - February 1933 • In March 1933, elections were to be held in the Recihstag. However, one week before the elections (27th February), the Reichstag was burnt to the ground. E • On 27th February 1933, a fire station in Berlin received an alarm call saying the Reichstag was on fire. It was a huge fire and destroyed most of the building. • A Dutch Communist named Marinus van der Lubbe was found at the scene. He had matches and firelighters with him. Van der Lubbe was arrested. He was later put on trial and beheaded for the crime. Impact of Reichstag Fire - February 1933 Question: What impact did the Reichstag fire on Nazis power? • The Nazis were able to take advantage of the situation (Van der Lubbe being a Communist) and blamed Communists for the fire, which gave the Nazis more support as Hitler claimed the Communists were attempting to start a violent revolution and he promised to save Germany. • After the fire, Hindenburg used Article 48 to introduce Reichstag Fire Decree. This law allowed Hitler to arrest political opponents and shutdown or censor newspapers that were critical of the government. Impact of Reichstag Fire - February 1933 • The Nazis expelled the Communists from Parliament and imprisoned 4000 Communists, =) ● Nazis also imprisoned many opposition parties and leaders • Newspapers were censored and letters and phone calls were being checked, which hindered opposition to the Nazis ● Nazis used propaganda to spread the 'dangers' of the Communists, which helped create more support for Nazis. As a result, in the election of March 5th 1933, the Nazis vote went from 33% to 44% • However, the Nazis still did not have a majority and had to work with other parties. Enabling Act March 1933 • Since the Nazis still did not achieve a majority in March 1933, Hitler had to w with other parties. ● As a result, Hitler persuaded other parties to support the Enabling Act on March 24th 1933. • This law gave Hitler the ability to pass laws without agreement from the Reichstag. U • With the power of the Enabling Act, Hitler then: o In July 1933, he banned opposing parties and put leaders in concentration camps. o In May 1933, Hitler banned Trade Unions. O o Put Nazis in charge of all state governments. Used fear and intimidation to make sure people didn't challenge the Nazis. Night of Long Knives ● As Hitler increased his control of F Germany, his main worries about possible opposition came from within the Nazis Party • He especially feared a takeover from Ernst Rohm, the leader of SA CH F Night of Long Knives • On 30th of June 1934, Hitler began Operation Hummingbird, better known as the Night of Long Knives. It lasted until the 2nd of July 1934. • It involved the SS arresting and executing Nazi opponents of Hitler. Around 100 people were killed, including Ernst Rohm and former Chancellor Von Schleicher. • At first German newspapers were banned from reporting about the event. • Later Hitler claimed the men had been plotting with France and used the Enabling Act to make the killings legal. Control of Churches • After banning trade unions and political parties, the Churches were the only mass groups that might be able to oppose the Nazis. • Hitler worried that if he took legal action against them that Germans might stand up against the Nazis. F ● Instead, in July 1933, Hitler signed a Concordat with the Catholic Church. ● • This agreement guaranteed that the Nazis would leave alone Church organisations (such as schools and youth groups) and the Catholic Church would not interfere in politics There were different Protestant Churches in Germany. Hitler tried to replace these churches with a Nazi-approved Reich Church which taught religios beliefs from a Nazis perspective Death of Hindenburg • Although Hitler was very powerful, he was worried about President Hindenburg's influence ● However, Hindenburg died age 86 in August 1934 After his death, Hitler merged the offices of Chancellor and President, creating the role of the Fuhrer. • He now had complete control of Germany, without major opposition. ● Hitler made the German Army swear an oath of personal loyalty to him, not to germany or even the titles he held. Nazis Propaganda • Hitler set up the cult of the Führer, presenting himself as the greatest saviour of Germany. His image was used very carefully - he was only ever shown serving Germany • Goebbels made sure that people were bombarded with information to keep them loyal to the Nazis • Posters, pictures, art exhibitions and films were all made to show how great the Nazis were • Hitler's speeches were regularly broadcast on the radio to remind people of how much the Nazis were improving their lives. Cheap radios were sold to people and connected up to loudspeakers so that everyone could hear E Nazis Propaganda • The newspapers were banned from printing anything that hadn't been checked by the Nazis first • Great rallies were held, such as those at Nuremberg, to show people how organised and powerful the Party was • In 1936, Hitler used the Olympic Games to showcase to the world how efficient, modern and advanced the German nation was. F Past Paper feedback What went well: • Getting better at timing and attempting all questions • Some very good attempts at 9 marker. Clear understanding of structure. Good knowledge points on death of Maid of Norway and death of Alexander III • Great attempts at compare views. Clear understanding of structure and good source skills. Past Paper feedback What needs to be improved • 9 marker = Alexander III did have an heir - Maid of Norway. He had no living male heirs! • Remember judgement sentence for how fully! Revise the relationship between Edward I and John Balliol. • Revise the end of the Scottish wars e.g treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton Describe the events leading to the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh - Northampton between Scotland and England, 1314 to 1328. the temporary truces agreed between the Scots and English were repeatedly broken • the Scots recaptured Berwick, the last part of Scotland in English hands • Bruce put pressure on Edward's authority by continuing to raid the north of England • Some English nobles paid the Scots not to raid their lands which infuriated Edward • Edward II was deposed and replaced as ruler by his wife and young son ● • Isabella and Mortimer were becoming unpopular in England so wanted peace Bruce began granting land in northern England to his own Scottish supporters • Scotland's relationship with the Pope improved which weakened the English case F Homework: Due Tuesday 23rd November Plenary: Blooket On the padlet, write down one question you have about today's lesson and one fact you have learnt about! ?