Alternative transcript:

compared to Spain Plan of the invasion Leave Cadiz not carrying army 3-4 week voyage with limited food supply Duke of Parma waiting with army to be 'picked up' - ships and army need good communication and timing ● Ferry to Kent protected by big ships of Armada March to london Problems with the invasion Relying on Catholic support in England ● Armada is defenceless and unprotected until it gets to Calais Miscommunication with Duke of Parma and Armada with the use of homing pigeons Armada to Parma not Parma to Armada Weather - windy and storm 200-300 miles, Armada can be spotted down coast of England, no element of surprise Why did the Spanish Armada fail Leadership Ships and army Weaponry Plan food and supplies Annual income Spain Duke of Medina Sidonia - little experience and had tendency of sea sickness 130 ships ● 64 battle 22 huge galleons 45 converted merchant 30,000 men on board and 20,000 soldiers on lands ● 2,000 large cannons Short distance Slow to load Not fresh food 6 months work of supplies stored on ship Get close, men on board and capture enemy ships £3,000,000 England Lord Howard Effingham - little experience but Drake and Hawkins were 200 ships ● Strong, light, fast 14,000 men on board and 20,000 soldiers on land 200 smaller cannons Long distance Quick to load Fresh food supplied daily Destroy ships, firing at distance £300,000 12 july - spanish armada set sail. 19 july - Spanish armada sighted off the Lizard in Cornwall, where stopped to get supplies. 20 July - English fleet forced back to port due to wind - unable to attack from Plymouth. 21 July - outnumbered English navy began bombarding seven-mile-long line of Spanish ships from safe distance - taking advantage of long-range cannons. Did little damage to Spanish ships. 22-26 July - Armada pursued up the Channel by Howard's fleet. Spaniards reached Portland Bill and gained weather advantage so they could turn and attach pursuing English ships. 27 July - Armada anchored off Calais to wait for troops to arrive. At midnight Lord Howard orders fire ships to be sent to Spanish ships in harbour. 28 July - English attacked Spanish fleet near Gravelines - 1,000 Spanish sailors killed and many ships lost. English lost no ships and only 50 sailors. 29 July - Elizabeth visited rest of her troops at Tilbury and delivered a rousing speech which boosted morale. 31 July - Spanish fleet tried to turn around to join Parma and his army again but prevailing south-west winds prevented them from doing so. Medina-Sidonia ordered ships to sail home via Scotland and Ireland but harsh conditions in North Sea destroyed nearly half the fleet. Over 20,000 Spanish were killed at the end of the year only 80 ships had made it back to Spain. Spain 51 ships lost, 20,000 men lost England - 0 ships lost, 100 men lost Flawed Plan: English/Spanish ship design ● John Hawkins (Treasurer of English Navy) advised that ships needed to be fast and manoeuvrable, so galleons were built from 1570s English were able to fire up to six times as many cannon balls as the Spanish and from a greater distance 1588 - English only had 24 galleons ready to sail English ships had space for cannons to recoil and could be reloaded quicker Spanish supplies • Spanish provisions were stored in barrels of poor quality wood ● Drake's raid on Cadiz had damaged many of the supplies Spanish were low on supplies on cannon balls Been at sea for 10 weeks and food was already rotting ● Planning and communication Communication between Duke of Parma and Medina-Sidonia was by sea and unreliable - took a week for messages to get there Due to poor communication, the message reached the Duke of Parma a week late to meet the army and then he needed another 48 hours to load the boats English tactics Hawkins advised ships need to be fast and manoeuvrable ● Lord Howard, the Lord High Admiral, ordered the English use of fire ships Armada spotted early by English on 29 July and followed them down the channel at distance Heavy cannon fire by the English towards the Spanish near the Isle of Eight prevented the Spanish from anchoring and resting up Use of fire ships by the English sent the Spanish ships scattering before the English could attack at Battle of Gravelines ● English avoided coming too close to Spanish ships Weather Weather blew fire ships of English into the Spanish ships anchored at Calais Wind forces Spanish fleet into the North Sea and around Scotland and IReland where 40 ships wrecked • Only about 80 ships made it back to port after being forced to sail around Britain return home ● Bad weather prolonged Spanish journey Leaderships Duke of Parma did not have control of any sea ports in the Netherlands so he had to use small ships instead. These took 48 hours to load, man and set sail Francis Drake and John Hawkins were experienced sailors who knew their ships Duke of Medina-Sidonia was brave but not a naval leader and got seasick ● Phillip ignored suggestions and concerns of his military commanders when making decisions Spanish tactics relied on boarding enemy boats and then attacking those on board