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Explain the processes that have shaped contemporary political geography. Sovereignty: final authority over a territory and the right to defend territorial integrity against incursion. Self-Determination: the process by which a country determines its statehood and forms its allegiances and government. Independence movements: an area that believes it should be its own country Devolution: the transfer of decision-making power from a central government to a lower level. 3. Political Power and Territoriality Learning Target: Describe the concepts of political power and territoriality used by geographers. Choke point: a strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region (Panama Canal, Strait of Gibraltar) Neocolonialism: gaining indirect control of another country through economic or cultural pressures (as opposed to colonialism which generally used military power (Example: After colonization - Africa continued to export raw materials- resulting in the underdevelopment of the economy) Shatterbelt: a region caught between stronger colliding external forces, under persistent stress, often fragmented by aggressive rivals (Israel/Palestine) Territoriality: the perceived connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land 4. Defining Political Boundaries Learning Target: Define types of political boundaries used by geographers. Boundary: line that determines the limit of state jurisdiction (the official power to make legal decisions and judgments) that is a vertical plane that cuts through the subsoil and extends into the airspace above and often coincides with cultural, national, or economic divisions. Relic: boundary that no longer exists as an international border but remnants of its existence remain. (Examples: Berlin Wall) Superimposed: boundary that is drawn by powerful outsiders (colonizers) and ignores existing cultural groups (Example: Africa) Subsequent: boundary that evolves as the cultural landscape of an area takes shape and changes as the cultural landscape changes. (Examples: Ireland and Northern Ireland, Sudan and South Sudan) Antecedent: boundary in the natural landscape that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place as people moved in. (example: Mountains between Spain and France and Lakes between US and Canada) Geometric: boundary that follows a straight line or arc (example: US and Canada - 49th parallel, North and South Korea 38th parallel) Consequent: boundaries that coincide with cultural groups (example: India (Hinduism) and Pakistan (Islam) 5. The Function of Political Boundaries Learning Target: Explain the nature and function of international and internal boundaries. 4 phases must occur before a border is official: 1. Definition: the boundary is negotiated and legally described. Demarcation: markers are placed on the ground (signs, walls, fences, etc.) 2. Delimitation: the boundary is drawn on a map 4. Administration: the boundary is maintained Demilitarized zone: an area previously in conflict from which weapons and military forces have been removed (N&S Korea border) The Berlin Conference was a meeting held in Berlin in 1884 and 1885 with the purpose of the European nations dividing Africa among them for colonization purposes with the intent of preventing conflict over the process. ● The superimposed boundaries of Africa remained in place after independence, which has led to much of the current conflict and lack of ability to establish effective leadership UNCLOS Maritime and Airspace Zones National Airspace Archipelagic Waters 12 NM Territorial Sea ARCHIPELAGIC BASELINES ISLANDS OF THE ARCHIPELAGO May be enclosed in archipelago baselines, all bays & rivers considered internal waters Source: Batongbacal and Baviera (2013). 24 NM Contiguous Zone International Airspace Exclusive Economic Zone 200 NM Continental Shelf (from 200 NM up to 350 NM, depending on special conditions) High Seas Seabed 3. Maritime boundary: the extensions of a country's territory that extend into the oceans around them UNCLOS: established rights and responsibilities of states concerning ownership/usage of the seas and their resources. Territorial Sea: zone of water adjacent to a state's coast (12 miles) in which a state has sovereignty. Median-Line Principle: an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the midpoint between two place Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): a zone of water adjacent to the Contiguous Zone (200 miles) in which the state has a right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage resources. South China Seas - China has built military installations on some disputed islands in the SCS. The SCS accounts for 10 percent of the world's fisheries, making it a key source of food for hundreds of millions of people. The region is also home to major oil and natural gas reserves. There are so many countries close to one another, resulting in high competition for maritime resources and tension over sovereignty. 6. Internal Boundaries. Learning Target: Explain the nature and function of international and internal boundaries. Voting District: subdivision for electing members to a legislative body. Redistricting: when voting districts are redrawn due to population changes. Gerrymandering: redrawing voting district boundaries to give 4.CRACKING 3.PACKING 7. Forms of Governance Learning Target: Define federal and unitary states and explain how federal and unitary states affect spatial organization. Democracy: a form of government in which the ultimate power rests with the people through, usually through their elected representatives Unitary state: a country where the national government is strong and the regional governments are weak (U.K., North Korea, France) Federal state: a country where the national government is strong and the regional governments are also strong so they share power (United States, Canada, Russia) Defining Devolutionary Factors Learning Target: Define factors that lead to the devolution of states. Devolution: the transfer of decision-making power from a central government to a lower level. Physical Geography: physical boundaries can cause devolution as it was historically hard for resources for states to maintain autonomy over difficult physical regions (Belgium and Basque) Ethnic Separatism: mainly religion, language, or ethnicity-related differences. (Quebec) Ethnic Cleansing: the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society Terrorism: violence against (typically) civilians for political reasons ● Economic and Social Problems: economic or social strife can lead to the devolution and altering of states. Irredentism: when a state wants to annex a territory whose population is ethnically similar (Russia with Crimea) ● ● ● 9. Challenges to Sovereignty Learning Target: Explain how political, economic, cultural, and technological changes challenge state sovereignty. Devolution occurs when states fragment into autonomous regions; sub-national territorial units such as those within Spain, Belgium, Canada, and Nigeria Eritrea: broke from Ethiopia in 1991 South Sudan: broke from Sudan in 2011 East Timor: broke from Indonesia in 2002 Soviet Union: dissolved in 1991 Democratization: introducing democratic systems or principles. Supranationalism: political and/or economic alliance of three or more states that are formed for mutual benefit to promote shared goals or resolve disputes, but can limit the economic or political actions of member states creating a challenge to state sovereignty. (Example: United Nations) Economies of scale: cost advantages gained by an increased level of production. As countries agree to produce more of a good, the revenue received from selling that good is bound to increase. Trade agreements: treaties between two or more states who agree on trade, tariffs, and taxes, and often include investment guarantees. (Example: NAFTA was formed to eliminate tariffs between US, Canada, and Mexico) Military alliance: an alliance between two or more states who agree on mutual protection and support in case of a crisis. (Example: NATO formed to defend against threats by communist countries after WWII.) 10. Consequences of Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces Learning Target: Explain how the concepts of centrifugal and centripetal forces apply at the state scale. Centripetal Force; Force or attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for the state ● Political - majority/minority relationships, armed conflicts Economic - uneven development Cultural stateless nations, ethnic movements Centrifugal Force: Force or attitude that divides the state ● Political national identity, 4th of July ● Economic equitable infrastructure development Cultural-linguistic, religious, and ethnic similarities