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and fertilize the land by burning vegetation. When the soil loses fertility, the farmers move to a different plot of land and repeat. Southeastern US, California, Southeastern Australia WHERE IT IS FOUND? PACIFIC OCEAN p Banana & Sugar NORTH AMERICA NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN fris Cer Cocoa & Coffee SOUTH AMERICA Plantation Agriculture AFRICA Tea Gardens, SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN MIXED FARMING 22. ASIA SOUTHERN OCEAN D INDIAN OCEAN Coconut Rubber Jochest 2nd MUN WHAT IS PRODUCED? Climate: Warm Mid-Latitude Types of Crops: Fresh fruits and vegetables, lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, tomatoes PACIFIC OCEAN pigs. FAUSTRALIA Climate: Tropical Types of Crops: Commodity & specialty crops such as cacao, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts & cotton. Climate: Cold & Warm Mid-Latitude Types of Crops: Corn, grains, & soybeans grown to feed to cattle & rice, maize (corn), millet, and sorghum Nomadic Herding (Extensive) Nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides. Rely upon animals for survival, not profit. Ranching Commercial grazing of livestock. Eventually, they will be sent to feedlots and then be sent to slaughter. Commercial Grain Farming (Extensive) Crops are grown primarily for human consumption. Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread. Oak Tree Metes and bounds: a system of describing parcels of land where the metes are the lines (including angle and distance that surround the property) and bound describes features such as a river or public road Jones Creek NORTH AMERICA Spring Hill Smith Bridge Using Landmarks PACIFIC OCEAN Using Compass NORTH ATLANTIC fr SOUTH AMERICA AFRICA SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN #A 2. Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods Learning Target: Identify different rural settlement patterns and methods of surveying rural settlements. Clustered: a pattern of rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each others' fields and surround the settlement. OCEAN SOUTHERN OCEAN Affies Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Dispersed: settlement pattern with people living relatively far from each other on their farms Linear settlement: a rural land use pattern that creates a long, narrow settlement around a river, coast, or road that looks like a line Surveying: examining and measuring the surface of the Earth for planning, preparing to build, or mapping FAUSTRALIA Climate: Drylands/Desert Types of Livestock: Cattle, Camels, Reindeer, Goats, Yaks, Sheep, Horses Climate: Drylands/Desert Types of Livestock: Cattle, Goats, Sheep Long Lot: a rural land use pattern that divides land into long, narrow lined up along a waterway or road Climate: Mid-latitudes, too dry for mixed crop & livestock Types of Crops: Wheat Township and range: a system of dividing large parcels of where the townships describe how far north or south from the center point 3. Agricultural Origins and Diffusions Learning Target: Identify major centers of domestication of plants and animals and explain how plants and animals diffused globally. Fertile Crescent: a crescent-shaped area in Southwest Asia where settled farming first began to emerge leading to the rise of cities Columbian Exchange: a widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres that was launched by Columbus's voyages SQUASH PEPPER CASSAVA COTTON LIMA BEAN MAIZE ARCTIC OCEAN POTATO SWEET POTATO PACIFIC OCEAN Years ago 9,000 and above 7,000-9,000 3,000-7,000 Unknown Hearth Latin America Primary Secondary -Dispersal route 4 ATLANTIC OCEAN ● Southwest Asia Sub-Saharan Africa YAM SORGHUM COWPEA AFRICAN RICE COFFEE FINGER MILLET 1.000 ce 2000 2000 M INDIAN OCEAN BARLEY LENTIL EINKORN WHEAT OATS EMMER WHEAT RYE East Asia Southeast Asia MANGO TARO COCONUT PIGEONPEA SLENDER MILLET First Agricultural Revolution: a time when people first domesticate plants and animals which allows people to live in one place BREAD WHEAT BROAD BEAN OLIVE Domestication: the process of taming plants or animals for human use Agricultural Hearths: The separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals. Commonalities Among Agricultural Hearths: Fertile soil in river valleys, availability of water, moderate climates, and collective societal structures Able to grow more crops on the same amount of land which decreases food prices More crops grown on same size land Improvement in variety RICE SOYBEAN CHINESE CHESTNUT WALNUT 4. The Second Agricultural Revolution Learning Target: Explain the advances and impacts of the second agricultural revolution. Second Agricultural Revolution: coincides with the Industrial Revolution; increasing yield and access through machines and transportation ● Caused by the industrial revolution and the enclosure movement Effects of the Second Agricultural Revolution: New technology, Led to increased food production, Better diet, longer life, and more people available for work in factories, Shifting demographics (moving to cities, fewer farmers) PACIFIC OCEAN Enclosure Movement: Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers. ● Emergence of commercial agriculture Fewer and larger farms -> Decrease in farm owners -> Improvements in farming techniques -> Decrease in agricultural laborers Urbanization: Mass migration of people into the cities to work in newly emerging factories. 5. The Green Revolution Learning Target: Explain the consequences of the Green Revolution on food supply and the environment in the developing world. Green Revolution: the spread of new technologies like high-yield seeds and chemical fertilizers to the developing world in the 1960s and 1970s Positive Negative Destroying local land and traditional modes of agricultural production Decreasing biodiversity (hybrid seeds diminish local plant diversity) Impact of chemical Biotechnology: is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value. 6. Agricultural Production Regions Learning Target: Explain how economic forces influence agricultural practices. Subsistence Agriculture: only enough food is cultivated to survive (no surplus) Commercial Agriculture: the production of crops for sale and profit Monoculture: Growing one crop in a farm system at a given time Mono-Cropping: Growing one crop in a farm system year after year. Bid-rent theory: a geographic theory that states the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases 7. Spatial Organization of Agriculture Learning Target: Explain how economic forces influence agricultural practices. Commodity Chain: activities involved in the creation of a product: design, production of raw materials, manufacturing, and assembly, distribution Agribusiness: a system of commercial agriculture that links various industries to the farm Economies of scale: cost advantages that come with producing a large amount of items Ranching and Livestock Urban Center Grains and Field Crops Forests Dairy Farming Market Gardening Market X-X: Rent that commerce is willing to pay Y-Y: Rent that industry is willing to pay Z-Z: rent that residential areas are willing to pay Rent X Y CBD Distance from centre Concentric Zones: 1: CBD with commerce and offices 2: Industry 3: Residential with highest density nearest centre 8. Von Thünen Model Learning Target: Describe how the Von Thünen model is used to explain patterns of agricultural production at various scales. Von Thünen's model: helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market Von Thünen's rings distribute various farming activities into concentric rings around a central market city. Dairy and gardening are close to the center because they are perishable goods, where the farmer can maximize the profit, intensive agriculture Forests are close to the market because people need them for fuel, they need to be close and are expensive to transport Extensive agriculture (grains, field crops) do not perish as quickly as vegetables and milk and need plenty space to grow ▷ Livestock and ranching further from the market for cheap land (need more of it and transportation is cheap) 9. The Global System of Agriculture Learning Target: Explain the interdependence among regions of agricultural production and consumption. Global Supply Chain: a worldwide network to maximize profits in production Export commodity: goods sent from one country to another for sale (Some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities including Haitian coffee, Sri Lankan Tea, and Cuban Sugar) 10. Consequences of Agricultural Practices Learning Target: Explain how agricultural practices have environmental and societal consequences. Pollution: the process by which soil is contaminated by chemicals Land cover change: the process by which agricultural areas are lost to development Conservation: the protection of wildlife and natural resources Deforestation: human-driven and natural loss of trees for not forest use Desertification: the process of a dry area becoming drier and losing vegetation Irrigation: moving water to where you need it Draining Wetlands: drainage for agricultural practices Pastoral nomadism: herding animals and migrating with them to find pasture areas without a permanent pasture area Soil salinization: the slow build-up of salt in the soil, particularly in irrigated areas, that makes soil unable to grow plants Terrace farming: method of growing crops on the sides of hills or mountains by planting on man-made steps (terraces) Changing Diets: MDCs continue their demand for meat, LDCs see an increase in their demand for meat, as well as convenient, processed food. 11. Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture Learning Target: Explain challenges and debates related to the changing nature of contemporary agriculture and food-production practices. Agricultural Biotechnology: the use of scientific tools and techniques to modify plants and animals (Pesticide resistant crops, Antibiotics, Biofuels) GMO: plants or animals whose DNA has been genetically modified, often through a combination of DNA from similar plant or animal species for desired traits. Aquaculture: raising of fish and shellfish in ponds and controlled saltwater hatcheries raising of fish and shellfish in ponds and controlled saltwater hatcheries Value Added Foods: foods that have increased in value due to alterations in production, size, shape, appearance, location, and/or convenience Organic Farming: crops produced without the use synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or genetically engineered seeds Fair Trade: trade between MDC and LDC in which fair prices are paid to the producers community-supported agriculture (CSA): individuals who pledge support to a farm operation so that growers and consumers provide mutual support Urban farming: integrating growing crops or raising animals into an urban ecosystem Dietary Shifts: movement from processed foods, meat, and sugars towards one more based in fruits and vegetables Food Insecurity: the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food Food Desert: geographic area where large grocery stores are scarce or missing and residents have limited access to fresh nutritious foods. Typically found in urban, low-income neighborhoods Weather, agricultural production is affected by high temperatures, drought, flooding, storms, and freezes 12. Women in Agriculture Learning Target: Explain geographic variations in female roles in food production and consumption. ● Women are frequently denied loans or financial support, cannot afford tuition or fees; or rural communities lack funding to provide schools. Women may be unable to obtain or access inputs to improve productivity (e.g., land, animals, equipment, seeds, fertilizer, or infrastructure). ● ● ● Women practicing subsistence agriculture may not be able to generate a surplus. Impacts of exposure to environmental hazards (agricultural pollution, chemicals, groundwater pollution) that cause health problems for women and children which have an economic impact (household, local, or national scale). In many societies women hold agricultural knowledge and skills passed down to daughters. In many societies women represent a spiritual ideal of fertility that is tied to beliefs regarding agricultural productivity. ● Laws and government policies preventing women from acquiring land tenure, owning, or inheriting land. Women may lack access to political processes (voting), and institutions (representative government); or females lack the political power to improve laws and policies affecting women's issues. Empowering and investing in rural women has been shown to significantly: • Increase productivity • Reduce hunger and malnutrition • Improve rural livelihoods