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type of imperialism where people of one state move and settle on another state's land Self-Determination: right to choose your own form of government Decolonization: undoing of colonialism Genocide: organized mass killing Cold War: period of diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States from the 1940s-1990s Satellite States: a state dominated by other state politically and economically Devolution: process of regions getting increased autonomy 4.3- Political Power and Territoriality Geopolitics: study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states Territoriality: willingness by a person or group to defend their space Neocolonialism: economic, political, or cultural control exerted over a developing country by a developed country; post 1970s Chapter 9: Political Boundaries and Forms of Governance 4.4- Defining Political Boundaries Physical Geographic Features: natural borders between areas Cultural Boundaries: boundaries that divide people over centrifugal cultural traits Antecedent Boundaries: boundaries with physical obstacles that posses static aspect that were imposed before large populations Subsequent Boundaries: boundaries that were created during evolving cultural landscape that are related to cultural phenomena Superimposed Boundaries: boundaries drawn by outside forces and lack conformity Relic Boundaries: abandoned boundaries that are still evident Geometric Boundaries: straight lines drawn by people that does not reflect anything Consequent Boundaries: type of subsequent boundaries that takes physical features into account Cultural Consequent Boundaries: another type of subsequent boundaries that takes language, religion and ethnicity into account Physical Consequent Boundaries: divisions that use already existing physical features Open Boundaries: unguarded borders that people can easily cross Militarized Boundaries: heavily guarded divisions that discourage crossing 4.5- Function of Political Boundaries Defined Boundary: a boundary established through legality and divides political entities Delimited Boundary: a boundary drawn on a map to show space limits Demarcated Boundary: divisions identified by objects like signs or walls Definitional Boundary Dispute: a dispute between two or more parties that disagree over documents that define the boundary in question Locational Boundary Dispute/Territorial Dispute: disputes over where a boundary should be Irredentism (1): type of expansionism where one country seeks to annex a territory that has cultural or historical ties to the parent country Operational Boundary Dispute/Functional Dispute: dispute over the function of a border Allocation Boundary Dispute/Resource Dispute: a boundary that separates resources used by two countries Administered Boundary: the aspects of boundaries including the functions, allowing of goods and people, and how its maintained Controlled Boundaries: a boundary that has checkpoints that requires passports or visas Exclaves: territories that are part of the state but geographically separated Political Enclaves: states, territories, or parts of a state that are surrounded by another state Shatterbelt: political boundaries that cause regions to not follow cultural and economic landscapes United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a convention that defined 4 sea border zones outside of the land Territorial Sea: 1st zone 12 miles out where commercial boats belonging to the state may pass Contiguous Zone: 2nd zone that is up to 24 miles out where states have partial jurisdiction Exclusive Economic Zone: 3rd zone that is up to 200 miles out where states may only use the area for resources High Seas: 4th and final zone that is not owned by any state and is international Small Island Developing States: states on smaller islands with little to no modernization and industrialization 4.6- Internal Boundaries Internal Boundaries: boundaries used at the subnational scale to divide states into smaller units Electoral Geography: the use of spatial thinking techniques and tools to analyze elections and voting patterns Electorate: population that can vote Census: total population count Reappointment: changing number of representatives depending on population changes Gerrymandering: some states or parties redistricting boundaries to increase power Cracking: dispersing a group into several districts to avoid electoral majorities Packing: placing like-minded voters in one place Stacking: adding minorities to majorities Hijacking: redrawing two districts for representatives from the same party to go against each other Kidnapping: moving an area where a representative has support to a place of little support 4.7- Forms of Governance Federal State: separate political entities into an overarching system of government that allows each subnational entity to express and maintain a degree of sovereignty Unifying State: one political entity with all political power in the central government Annexation: legally adding territory to a state Chapter 10: Challenges in the Modern State 4.8- Defining Devolutionary Factors Devolution: transfer of political power from the central government to subnational levels of government Ethnic Separatism: advocacy of full political separation from the major ethinc group via ethnic, tribal, or governmental lines Ethnic Cleansing: a purposeful way to remove an entire ethnic group through extreme or violent measures from certain geographic areas Terrorism: organized violence agaist government or civilian targets in order to create fear to spread a poltical ideology Irredentism (2): movement to unite people along certain cultural traits 4.9- Challenges to Sovereignty Autonomous Regions (2): regions with their own legislative and ruling bodies to govern an ethnic minority over an entire state Subnationalism: people that have a primary allegiance to a particular group or ethnicity Balkanization: the fragmentation of a state into small, hostile units along ethno-linguistic lines Globalization: integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a worldwide scale Supranationalism: practice of multiple states forming an organization to better all of them United Nations (UN): an global organization of 193 states established to promote international peace, security and human rights North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): 30 western states including the United States, Canada and Turkey organized to provide mutual defense of its members European Union (EU): A organization of most European states to integrate member states politically and economically United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA): a trade deal between the US, Mexico and Canada to stimulate free trade between them Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): a league of 10 Southeast Asian countries to advance economic growth, peace, social progress and development in the region Arctic Council: 8 countries with borders to the Arctic that meet to foster coordination, cooperation, and integration between each other and Arctic indiginous tribes African Union: a union of all 55 African nations to advocate for peace, stability through greater cooperation, economic development, and global integration World Trade Organization (WTO): one of the largest international trade organizations to have states agree through basic trade guidelines and to make sure trade runs smoothly, freely, and predictably Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): a supranational organization set to coordinate the member's petroleum policies to stabilize oil markets Transnational Corporations: companies that conduct business on a global scale Democratization: transition from autocratic to representative forms of government Time-Space Compression: social and psychological effects of faster movement of information over shorter periods of time 4.10- Consequences of Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces Centrifugal Forces: forces that divide people Centripetal Forces: forces that unite people Regionalism: when loyalty to a distinct region is more important than loyalty to an entire state Ethnonationalism: support for political interests of a particular ethnic group Nationalism (3): strong feelings of patriotism and loyalty one feels to their country