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Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory and the Structure of Personality

AP Psych Unit Notes: Nervous System & Research Methods

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AP Psych Unit Notes: Nervous System & Research Methods
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Esther Nae

@naesther07

·

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The nervous system and psychological concepts in AP Psychology, from neurons to consciousness and learning methods. This comprehensive guide covers essential topics including neural communication, research methods, states of consciousness, drug effects, sensation and perception, learning theories, and personality development.

• Research Methods in AP Psychology encompass both descriptive and experimental approaches
• Nervous System Components include detailed explanations of neuron types and functions
• States of Consciousness covering sleep cycles, disorders, and altered states
• Learning Theories explaining classical and operant conditioning
• Personality Theories focusing on major theoretical perspectives
• Sensation and Perception processes in psychological understanding

4/16/2023

257

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

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The Neuron and Nervous System

The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals.

Three main types of neurons are:

  1. Sensory neurons
  2. Motor neurons
  3. Interneurons

Definition: Motor neurons AP Psychology definition - Neurons that communicate information from the central nervous system to muscles.

The action potential is a key process in neural communication:

Vocabulary: Action potential - A brief electrical signal sent down the axon when stimulus reaches threshold (-55mV).

Neurons communicate via neurotransmitters, chemical messengers that cross synapses between neurons.

Highlight: Understanding neuron structure and function is crucial for grasping how the nervous system AP psychology operates.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

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Research Methods in Psychology

Psychology employs both descriptive and experimental research methods to study behavior and mental processes.

Descriptive methods include:

  • Surveys
  • Naturalistic observation
  • Case studies
  • Correlational studies

Definition: Naturalistic observation AP psychology definition - A research method involving observing and recording behavior in natural settings without manipulation.

Experimental methods involve manipulating variables to infer cause and effect relationships.

Definition: Experiment AP psychology definition - A research method that manipulates one variable (independent) to measure its effect on another (dependent) variable.

Key figures in psychology's history include:

  • Wilhelm Wundt (Father of Psychology)
  • Edward Titchener (Structuralism)
  • William James (Functionalism)
  • Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis)
  • Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner (Behaviorism)

Highlight: Understanding various research methods is essential for success in AP Psychology research methods.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

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States of Consciousness

Consciousness refers to our awareness of internal states and the external world. Key concepts include:

  1. Circadian Rhythm: 24-hour biological clock controlling sleep-wake cycles
  2. REM Sleep: Rapid eye movement stage associated with dreaming

Vocabulary: Paradoxical sleep - Term for REM sleep due to high brain activity but paralyzed body.

Sleep disorders fall into two categories:

  1. Dyssomnias: Disruptions in amount, quality, or timing of sleep (e.g., insomnia)
  2. Parasomnias: Undesired arousal or actions during sleep (e.g., sleepwalking)

Theories of dreaming include:

  • Freud's wish fulfillment theory
  • Activation-synthesis model
  • Neurocognitive theory

Highlight: Understanding altered states of consciousness in psychology is crucial for AP Psychology students.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

View

Psychoactive Drugs and Their Effects

Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensation, and perception. They affect the central nervous system by crossing the blood-brain barrier.

Key concepts include:

  1. Withdrawal: Unpleasant physical reactions and cravings when drug use stops
  2. Depressants: Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
  3. Stimulants: Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
  4. Psychedelics (Hallucinogens): Drugs that create perceptual distortions and alter mood and thinking

Example: Examples of stimulants include caffeine, cocaine, ecstasy, and nicotine.

Highlight: Understanding the effects of psychoactive drugs is an important topic in AP Psychology.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

View

Sensation and Perception

Sensation involves detecting physical energy from the environment and converting it into neural signals. Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations.

Key concepts include:

  1. Sensory receptors: Specialized cells in sense organs that respond to specific stimuli
  2. Bottom-up processing: Starting with sensory input and working up to higher-level processing
  3. Top-down processing: Information processing guided by high-level mental processes

Vocabulary: Sensory threshold - The minimum strength a stimulus must have to activate a sensory receptor cell.

Interesting phenomena in perception include:

  • Cocktail party effect: Ability to focus on one voice among many
  • Change blindness: Failure to notice changes in the environment

Highlight: Understanding sensation and perception processes is crucial for success in AP Psychology.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

View

Learning Theories

Learning is the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors through experience. Key learning theories include:

  1. Classical Conditioning: Learning that occurs when we link two or more stimuli

Definition: Classical conditioning AP psychology definition - A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.

  1. Operant Conditioning: Learning involving voluntary behaviors shaped by their consequences

Vocabulary: Reinforcement - Consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Vocabulary: Punishment - Consequences that decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Thorndike's law of effect is a foundational principle in operant conditioning, stating that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.

Highlight: Understanding learning theories is essential for success in AP Psychology, as they form the basis for explaining many psychological phenomena.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

View

Page 7: Personality Theories

This section explores major theoretical perspectives on personality development.

Definition: Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes childhood experiences and the unconscious mind.

Vocabulary: Fixation occurs when development becomes stuck at a particular psychosexual stage.

Example: Freud's psychosexual stages include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital phases.

Highlight: Defense mechanisms are ego-protective responses to unpleasant experiences.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

View

Overall Summary

AP Psychology covers essential topics in neuroscience, research methods, consciousness, and learning. Key areas include:

  • Structure and function of neurons in the nervous system
  • Research methods including descriptive and experimental approaches
  • States of consciousness including sleep and altered states
  • Learning theories like classical and operant conditioning

Understanding these foundational concepts is critical for success in AP Psychology, which involves significant memorization and application of psychological principles.

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Subjects

/

AP Psychology

/

Personality

/

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory and the Structure of Personality

AP Psych Unit Notes: Nervous System & Research Methods

user profile picture

Esther Nae

@naesther07

·

5 Followers

Follow

The nervous system and psychological concepts in AP Psychology, from neurons to consciousness and learning methods. This comprehensive guide covers essential topics including neural communication, research methods, states of consciousness, drug effects, sensation and perception, learning theories, and personality development.

• Research Methods in AP Psychology encompass both descriptive and experimental approaches
• Nervous System Components include detailed explanations of neuron types and functions
• States of Consciousness covering sleep cycles, disorders, and altered states
• Learning Theories explaining classical and operant conditioning
• Personality Theories focusing on major theoretical perspectives
• Sensation and Perception processes in psychological understanding

4/16/2023

257

 

AP Psychology

11

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

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The Neuron and Nervous System

The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals.

Three main types of neurons are:

  1. Sensory neurons
  2. Motor neurons
  3. Interneurons

Definition: Motor neurons AP Psychology definition - Neurons that communicate information from the central nervous system to muscles.

The action potential is a key process in neural communication:

Vocabulary: Action potential - A brief electrical signal sent down the axon when stimulus reaches threshold (-55mV).

Neurons communicate via neurotransmitters, chemical messengers that cross synapses between neurons.

Highlight: Understanding neuron structure and function is crucial for grasping how the nervous system AP psychology operates.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

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Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Research Methods in Psychology

Psychology employs both descriptive and experimental research methods to study behavior and mental processes.

Descriptive methods include:

  • Surveys
  • Naturalistic observation
  • Case studies
  • Correlational studies

Definition: Naturalistic observation AP psychology definition - A research method involving observing and recording behavior in natural settings without manipulation.

Experimental methods involve manipulating variables to infer cause and effect relationships.

Definition: Experiment AP psychology definition - A research method that manipulates one variable (independent) to measure its effect on another (dependent) variable.

Key figures in psychology's history include:

  • Wilhelm Wundt (Father of Psychology)
  • Edward Titchener (Structuralism)
  • William James (Functionalism)
  • Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis)
  • Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner (Behaviorism)

Highlight: Understanding various research methods is essential for success in AP Psychology research methods.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

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Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

States of Consciousness

Consciousness refers to our awareness of internal states and the external world. Key concepts include:

  1. Circadian Rhythm: 24-hour biological clock controlling sleep-wake cycles
  2. REM Sleep: Rapid eye movement stage associated with dreaming

Vocabulary: Paradoxical sleep - Term for REM sleep due to high brain activity but paralyzed body.

Sleep disorders fall into two categories:

  1. Dyssomnias: Disruptions in amount, quality, or timing of sleep (e.g., insomnia)
  2. Parasomnias: Undesired arousal or actions during sleep (e.g., sleepwalking)

Theories of dreaming include:

  • Freud's wish fulfillment theory
  • Activation-synthesis model
  • Neurocognitive theory

Highlight: Understanding altered states of consciousness in psychology is crucial for AP Psychology students.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

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Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Psychoactive Drugs and Their Effects

Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensation, and perception. They affect the central nervous system by crossing the blood-brain barrier.

Key concepts include:

  1. Withdrawal: Unpleasant physical reactions and cravings when drug use stops
  2. Depressants: Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
  3. Stimulants: Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
  4. Psychedelics (Hallucinogens): Drugs that create perceptual distortions and alter mood and thinking

Example: Examples of stimulants include caffeine, cocaine, ecstasy, and nicotine.

Highlight: Understanding the effects of psychoactive drugs is an important topic in AP Psychology.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

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Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Sensation and Perception

Sensation involves detecting physical energy from the environment and converting it into neural signals. Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations.

Key concepts include:

  1. Sensory receptors: Specialized cells in sense organs that respond to specific stimuli
  2. Bottom-up processing: Starting with sensory input and working up to higher-level processing
  3. Top-down processing: Information processing guided by high-level mental processes

Vocabulary: Sensory threshold - The minimum strength a stimulus must have to activate a sensory receptor cell.

Interesting phenomena in perception include:

  • Cocktail party effect: Ability to focus on one voice among many
  • Change blindness: Failure to notice changes in the environment

Highlight: Understanding sensation and perception processes is crucial for success in AP Psychology.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

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Learning Theories

Learning is the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors through experience. Key learning theories include:

  1. Classical Conditioning: Learning that occurs when we link two or more stimuli

Definition: Classical conditioning AP psychology definition - A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.

  1. Operant Conditioning: Learning involving voluntary behaviors shaped by their consequences

Vocabulary: Reinforcement - Consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Vocabulary: Punishment - Consequences that decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Thorndike's law of effect is a foundational principle in operant conditioning, stating that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.

Highlight: Understanding learning theories is essential for success in AP Psychology, as they form the basis for explaining many psychological phenomena.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

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Improve your grades

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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 7: Personality Theories

This section explores major theoretical perspectives on personality development.

Definition: Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes childhood experiences and the unconscious mind.

Vocabulary: Fixation occurs when development becomes stuck at a particular psychosexual stage.

Example: Freud's psychosexual stages include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital phases.

Highlight: Defense mechanisms are ego-protective responses to unpleasant experiences.

what 2 。 M MAN Neurons send messages NEUROTRANSMITTERS. The Neuron May Neuron-Smallest unit of the nervous System, Refractory Period O Actio

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Overall Summary

AP Psychology covers essential topics in neuroscience, research methods, consciousness, and learning. Key areas include:

  • Structure and function of neurons in the nervous system
  • Research methods including descriptive and experimental approaches
  • States of consciousness including sleep and altered states
  • Learning theories like classical and operant conditioning

Understanding these foundational concepts is critical for success in AP Psychology, which involves significant memorization and application of psychological principles.

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Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

Knowunity was a featured story by Apple and has consistently topped the app store charts within the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Ranked #1 Education App

Download in

Google Play

Download in

App Store

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

4.9+

Average App Rating

15 M

Students use Knowunity

#1

In Education App Charts in 12 Countries

950 K+

Students uploaded study notes

Still not sure? Look at what your fellow peers are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much [...] I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a C to an A with it :D

Stefan S, iOS User

The application is very simple and well designed. So far I have found what I was looking for :D

SuSSan, iOS User

Love this App ❤️, I use it basically all the time whenever I'm studying