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Gender and culture in psychology: Gender bias
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Issues and Debates A01 The issue of gender bias Universality and bias Bias in the research process may be due to beliefs and values a psychologist has Universality - when conclusions drawn can be applied to everyone, anywhere, regardless of time or culture Alpha bias Research that focuses on differences between men and women - often exaggerates these differences Beta bias E.g. Freud's psychosexual stages (1905) - during phallic stage, both boys and girls develop desire for opposite sex parent. Girl's identification with same-sex parent is weaker, meaning her superego is weaker. Means that girls are morally inferior to boys E.g. Chodorow (1968) favoured women - mothers and daughters have greater connections than mothers and sons due to biological similarities. Women therefore develop better abilities to bond with others Androcentrism A03 GENDER AND CULTURE IN PSYCHOLOGY: GENDER BIAS Paper 3 Research that ignores or underestimates differences between males and females E.g. animal studies for fight usually used male animals due to female behaviour affected by regular hormonal changes due to ovulation. Assumes males and females both respond with fight or flight Evaluation Behaviour is judged according to a male standard Female behaviour can be misunderstood - e.g. female emotions such as anger will be explained as hormonal, however male anger is often seen as a rational response to external pressures Counterpoint Biological versus social explanations Gender differences are often presented...
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Alternative transcript:
as fixed when they are not Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) concluded that girls have better verbal activity, whilst boys have better spatial ability. Joel et al. (2015) found no differences Research findings may be better explained as social stereotypes, rather than biological facts Issues and Debates Paper 3 Ingalhalikar et al. (2014) provided research that suggests it may be true women are better at multitasking due to connections in the brain Sexism in research Research is more likely to be conducted by males, which may be a disadvantage to females Findings may be gender-biased Gender-biased research Research challenging gender bias may not be published Formanowicz et al. (2018) analysed over 1000 articles and found research on gender bias is funded less, and published by less prestigious journals Good or bad? Gender bias can have damaging consequences on females, as it can create misleading assumptions about female behaviour, and create negative stereotypes
Gender and culture in psychology: Gender bias
8
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Psychology - Issues and debates
Psychology - Issues and debates
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Issues and Debates A01 The issue of gender bias Universality and bias Bias in the research process may be due to beliefs and values a psychologist has Universality - when conclusions drawn can be applied to everyone, anywhere, regardless of time or culture Alpha bias Research that focuses on differences between men and women - often exaggerates these differences Beta bias E.g. Freud's psychosexual stages (1905) - during phallic stage, both boys and girls develop desire for opposite sex parent. Girl's identification with same-sex parent is weaker, meaning her superego is weaker. Means that girls are morally inferior to boys E.g. Chodorow (1968) favoured women - mothers and daughters have greater connections than mothers and sons due to biological similarities. Women therefore develop better abilities to bond with others Androcentrism A03 GENDER AND CULTURE IN PSYCHOLOGY: GENDER BIAS Paper 3 Research that ignores or underestimates differences between males and females E.g. animal studies for fight usually used male animals due to female behaviour affected by regular hormonal changes due to ovulation. Assumes males and females both respond with fight or flight Evaluation Behaviour is judged according to a male standard Female behaviour can be misunderstood - e.g. female emotions such as anger will be explained as hormonal, however male anger is often seen as a rational response to external pressures Counterpoint Biological versus social explanations Gender differences are often presented...
Issues and Debates A01 The issue of gender bias Universality and bias Bias in the research process may be due to beliefs and values a psychologist has Universality - when conclusions drawn can be applied to everyone, anywhere, regardless of time or culture Alpha bias Research that focuses on differences between men and women - often exaggerates these differences Beta bias E.g. Freud's psychosexual stages (1905) - during phallic stage, both boys and girls develop desire for opposite sex parent. Girl's identification with same-sex parent is weaker, meaning her superego is weaker. Means that girls are morally inferior to boys E.g. Chodorow (1968) favoured women - mothers and daughters have greater connections than mothers and sons due to biological similarities. Women therefore develop better abilities to bond with others Androcentrism A03 GENDER AND CULTURE IN PSYCHOLOGY: GENDER BIAS Paper 3 Research that ignores or underestimates differences between males and females E.g. animal studies for fight usually used male animals due to female behaviour affected by regular hormonal changes due to ovulation. Assumes males and females both respond with fight or flight Evaluation Behaviour is judged according to a male standard Female behaviour can be misunderstood - e.g. female emotions such as anger will be explained as hormonal, however male anger is often seen as a rational response to external pressures Counterpoint Biological versus social explanations Gender differences are often presented...
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries
Knowunity was a featured story by Apple and has consistently topped the app store charts within the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.
Still not sure? Look at what your fellow peers are saying...
iOS User
I love this app so much [...] I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a C to an A with it :D
Stefan S, iOS User
The application is very simple and well designed. So far I have found what I was looking for :D
SuSSan, iOS User
Love this App ❤️, I use it basically all the time whenever I'm studying
Alternative transcript:
as fixed when they are not Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) concluded that girls have better verbal activity, whilst boys have better spatial ability. Joel et al. (2015) found no differences Research findings may be better explained as social stereotypes, rather than biological facts Issues and Debates Paper 3 Ingalhalikar et al. (2014) provided research that suggests it may be true women are better at multitasking due to connections in the brain Sexism in research Research is more likely to be conducted by males, which may be a disadvantage to females Findings may be gender-biased Gender-biased research Research challenging gender bias may not be published Formanowicz et al. (2018) analysed over 1000 articles and found research on gender bias is funded less, and published by less prestigious journals Good or bad? Gender bias can have damaging consequences on females, as it can create misleading assumptions about female behaviour, and create negative stereotypes