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Gender bias ● Gender bias Alpha bias - The over exaggeration of differences between men and women o suggests that the differences are fixed and inevitable o often demeaning or undervaluing one of the genders o Example - Freud's psychosexual stages ▪ phallic stage - oedipus complex - castration anxiety allows superego to develop ▪ phallic stage - electra complex - penis envy allows a weaker superego to develop making them morally inferior Beta bias - ignoring or minimising differences between men and women o usually happens because one of the genders was excluded from the research o Example - Kohlberg's moral dev Only had a male sample ● ent applied the results to men and women 1 • Androcentrism - male centered research o participants may be all male o researcher may be male o female behaviour is considered inferior o Alpha and beta bias are the result of androcentrism Gender bias ■ Gilligan - females are different in terms of morality point A limitation is that it presents differences as fixed when they are not A limitation is that there is a lack of published resarch around gender bias evidence Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) found several studies suggesting that girls have superior verbal ability and boys have better spatial abilities. They said these differences were hardwired into the brain before birth. However, Joel et al (2015) used brain scanning and found no such sex differences in brain structure or activity Formanowicz et al (2018) analysed more than 1000 articles relating to...
iOS User
Stefan S, iOS User
SuSSan, iOS User
gender bias. They found that the research on gender bias is funded less often and published by less prestigious journals. This means that fewer researchers are aware of it or apply it to their own work explain This is a limitation because if something is said to be fixed then research into it may be halted because it cannot change. This could make psychology be seen as inflexible This is a limitation because it means that researchers are less aware of gender bias so the problem doesn't go away because there is a lack of available information 2 Gender bias point A limitation is that gender bias can lead to the development of stereotypes and that research is inaccurate and misleading about female behaviour A strength is that we can use the research to better the process evidence When men set the standard of normalcy, it becomes normal for women to feel abnormal (Tavris, 1993). As a result, negative stereotypes and discriminatory practices may develop Many modern researchers now recognise the effect of their own values and assumptions have on their work (this is reflexibility). Rather than seeing bias as a problem, they embrace it as a crucial aspect of the research process, reflecting on how their gender related experiences influence their reading of events. explain This is a limitation because it means that there is a lack of correct research around female behaviour because male behaviours are viewed as the 'norm' and applied to everyone This is a strength because it means that researchers can consider how their gender and biases may have impacted their researchers to allow other researchers to further the research and eliminate the previous biases. For example, a male researcher studying the menstrual cycle will take into account how his gender will have impacted the findings so that in the future a female researcher can pick up this research and improve upon it 3
Issues and debates gender bias notes
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Psychology AQA - issues and debates - gender bias - AO1/AO3
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16 marker essay model answer
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Psychology - Issues and debates
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Notes on the full gender topic - AQA A level psychology - paper 3
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Notes on the whole issues and debates topic - AQA A level psychology
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Used the AQA label psycholohy IP textbook (year 2)
Gender bias ● Gender bias Alpha bias - The over exaggeration of differences between men and women o suggests that the differences are fixed and inevitable o often demeaning or undervaluing one of the genders o Example - Freud's psychosexual stages ▪ phallic stage - oedipus complex - castration anxiety allows superego to develop ▪ phallic stage - electra complex - penis envy allows a weaker superego to develop making them morally inferior Beta bias - ignoring or minimising differences between men and women o usually happens because one of the genders was excluded from the research o Example - Kohlberg's moral dev Only had a male sample ● ent applied the results to men and women 1 • Androcentrism - male centered research o participants may be all male o researcher may be male o female behaviour is considered inferior o Alpha and beta bias are the result of androcentrism Gender bias ■ Gilligan - females are different in terms of morality point A limitation is that it presents differences as fixed when they are not A limitation is that there is a lack of published resarch around gender bias evidence Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) found several studies suggesting that girls have superior verbal ability and boys have better spatial abilities. They said these differences were hardwired into the brain before birth. However, Joel et al (2015) used brain scanning and found no such sex differences in brain structure or activity Formanowicz et al (2018) analysed more than 1000 articles relating to...
Gender bias ● Gender bias Alpha bias - The over exaggeration of differences between men and women o suggests that the differences are fixed and inevitable o often demeaning or undervaluing one of the genders o Example - Freud's psychosexual stages ▪ phallic stage - oedipus complex - castration anxiety allows superego to develop ▪ phallic stage - electra complex - penis envy allows a weaker superego to develop making them morally inferior Beta bias - ignoring or minimising differences between men and women o usually happens because one of the genders was excluded from the research o Example - Kohlberg's moral dev Only had a male sample ● ent applied the results to men and women 1 • Androcentrism - male centered research o participants may be all male o researcher may be male o female behaviour is considered inferior o Alpha and beta bias are the result of androcentrism Gender bias ■ Gilligan - females are different in terms of morality point A limitation is that it presents differences as fixed when they are not A limitation is that there is a lack of published resarch around gender bias evidence Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) found several studies suggesting that girls have superior verbal ability and boys have better spatial abilities. They said these differences were hardwired into the brain before birth. However, Joel et al (2015) used brain scanning and found no such sex differences in brain structure or activity Formanowicz et al (2018) analysed more than 1000 articles relating to...
iOS User
Stefan S, iOS User
SuSSan, iOS User
gender bias. They found that the research on gender bias is funded less often and published by less prestigious journals. This means that fewer researchers are aware of it or apply it to their own work explain This is a limitation because if something is said to be fixed then research into it may be halted because it cannot change. This could make psychology be seen as inflexible This is a limitation because it means that researchers are less aware of gender bias so the problem doesn't go away because there is a lack of available information 2 Gender bias point A limitation is that gender bias can lead to the development of stereotypes and that research is inaccurate and misleading about female behaviour A strength is that we can use the research to better the process evidence When men set the standard of normalcy, it becomes normal for women to feel abnormal (Tavris, 1993). As a result, negative stereotypes and discriminatory practices may develop Many modern researchers now recognise the effect of their own values and assumptions have on their work (this is reflexibility). Rather than seeing bias as a problem, they embrace it as a crucial aspect of the research process, reflecting on how their gender related experiences influence their reading of events. explain This is a limitation because it means that there is a lack of correct research around female behaviour because male behaviours are viewed as the 'norm' and applied to everyone This is a strength because it means that researchers can consider how their gender and biases may have impacted their researchers to allow other researchers to further the research and eliminate the previous biases. For example, a male researcher studying the menstrual cycle will take into account how his gender will have impacted the findings so that in the future a female researcher can pick up this research and improve upon it 3