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Improving accuracy of EWT: Cognitive interview
7/25/2022
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Improving accuracy of EWT: Cognitive interview THE COGNITIVE INTERVIEW: Fisher and Geiselman (1992) recommended the cognitive interview (CI) to improve eyewitness testimony: 1. Report everything ■ 2. - KNOWLEDGE Witnesses encouraged to include every detail of the event, even it may seem irrelevant/witness x feel confident about Seemingly trivial details may be important / trigger other important memories Reinstate the context 3. Reverse the order ■ O Witness return to original crime scene 'in their mind' → imagine the environment and their emotions Related to context-dependent forgetting Events recalled in different order form from original sequence Prevent reporting expectations + dishonesty 4. Change perspective ■ THE ENHANCED COGNITIVE INTERVIEW: Fisher et al. (1987) developed additional elements of Cl to focus on social dynamics of interaction O Interviewer takes time to establish rapport with the witness, to encourage them to recall more information e.g. reducing eyewitness anxiety, minimising distractions, getting witness to speak slowly, asking open-ended questions Recall incident from other people's perspectives Prevent effect of schema (generate expectations) on recall STRENGTHS Cognitive interview (CI) is a method of interviewing eyewitness to help them retrieve more accurate memories LIMITATIONS VARIATIONS OF THE CI: The 'pick and mix' approach makes cognitive interview more flexible: collection of techniques than overall method O Allow forces to evolve own approaches → adapt the method to individual cases The Cl can be adapted to different situations increase credibility *SUPPORT FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CI: Evidence show Cl helps witnesses recall information in...
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Alternative transcript:
memory but x immediately accessible Meta-analysis by Köhnken et al. (1999) combined data from 55 studies comparing Cl with standard interview O Cl: average 41% increase in accurate information EVALUATION O Only 4 studies showed no difference COUNTERPOINT: Also found increase in amount of inaccurate information recalled O O Particular issue in ECI → more incorrect details than Cl CI may sacrifice accuracy of EWT to favour amount of details → police should treat eyewitness evidence with caution · *SOME ELEMENTS MAY BE MORE USEFUL: Not all of its elements are equally effective or useful Milne and Bull (2002) O All 4 techniques produced more information than standard O Using combination of 'report everything' and 'reinstate the context' produced better recall than other Confirmed police officers' suspicions that some aspects of the Cl are more useful than others O Casts doubt on credibility of overall Cl *THE CI IS TIME-CONSUMING: The Cl takes more time and training than the standard police interview O More time needed to establish rapport with witness and allow them to relax O Requires special training, many forces x have resources to provide more than few hours The complete Cl is not realistic for police officers to use