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Psychology

Abnormal Psychology

Diagnostic Criteria and Classification Systems (e.g. Bipolar Disorder, DSM-5)

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Feb 4, 2023

•

4 pages

Understanding Schizophrenia: DSM-5 and ICD-10 Explained for Kids

user profile picture

libby Moxey

@libby_moxey

Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder characterized by positive and... Show more

AINS THANK YOU) D Il youvelcome MY Cove WALT VIBE BESTME Place weRe Came COLE Introduction ex A CHRIST I . Classification - the process of o

Evaluation of Schizophrenia Classification and Diagnosis

Schizophrenia classification and diagnosis have both advantages and potential drawbacks:

Advantages:

  • Allows effective communication among doctors
  • Enables prediction of disorder outcomes
  • Helps in recommending appropriate treatments

Challenges and Criticisms:

  • Slater and Roth argue that hallucinations are the least important symptoms, as they are not exclusive to schizophrenia
  • Scheff suggests that diagnosis can lead to labeling and self-fulfilling prophecy
  • Ethical concerns include potential misdiagnosis, mistreatment, loss of rights, and prejudice due to labels

Highlight: The classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia raise important ethical questions about whether the benefits outweigh the potential costs.

Reliability and Validity in Diagnosis

Reliability in schizophrenia diagnosis refers to the level of agreement between different clinicians using the same system. Challenges in achieving reliability include:

  • Lack of physical signs, relying solely on reported symptoms
  • Comorbidity with other disorders like depression, which can complicate diagnosis

Example: Jakobsen's study on the reliability of ICD-10 achieved a 98% concordance rate among 100 Danish patients with a history of psychosis, demonstrating high reliability in clinical diagnosis.

Gender Differences in Diagnosis

Research has shown potential gender biases in schizophrenia diagnosis:

  • Loring and Powell found that some behaviors considered psychotic in males were not regarded as such in females

Quote: "Loring and Powell found that some behaviour that was regarded as psychotic in males was not regarded as psychotic in females."

This finding highlights the importance of considering potential gender biases in the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and the need for further research to ensure equitable diagnosis across genders.

AINS THANK YOU) D Il youvelcome MY Cove WALT VIBE BESTME Place weRe Came COLE Introduction ex A CHRIST I . Classification - the process of o

Reliability and Validity of Diagnosis and Classification

Reliability in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis refers to the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures. For a classification system to be reliable, different clinicians using the same system should arrive at the same diagnosis for the same individual.

Challenges in diagnosis:

  • Lack of physical signs, relying solely on reported symptoms
  • Potential for co-morbidity with other disorders like depression
  • Possible gender bias in symptom interpretation

Example: Jakobsen tested the reliability of the ICD-10 by assessing 100 Danish patients with a history of psychosis. A concordance rate of 98% was achieved, demonstrating high reliability in the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Highlight: Diagnosis can be particularly challenging in cases of co-morbidity, where symptoms of schizophrenia may overlap with other disorders like depression.

Gender Considerations in Diagnosis

Research has shown that gender can influence the perception and diagnosis of schizophrenia symptoms:

Quote: Loring and Powell found that "some behavior that was regarded as psychotic in males was not regarded as psychotic in females."

This finding highlights the importance of considering potential gender biases in the diagnostic process for schizophrenia and other mental disorders.

Vocabulary: Co-morbidity refers to the presence of two or more disorders in the same individual, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment.

AINS THANK YOU) D Il youvelcome MY Cove WALT VIBE BESTME Place weRe Came COLE Introduction ex A CHRIST I . Classification - the process of o

Introduction to Schizophrenia Classification and Diagnosis

Classification is the process of organizing symptoms into categories based on how they cluster together in sufferers. Two main systems are used for diagnosing schizophrenia:

  • The ICD-10, used worldwide, requires only negative symptoms for diagnosis
  • The DSM-5 schizophrenia criteria, used in America, require only positive symptoms for diagnosis

The mental health profession developed the DSM to diagnose schizophrenia more effectively.

Definition: Classification is the process of organizing symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia involve an excess or distortion of normal functions:

  • Hallucinations: Usually auditory or visual perceptions of things not present
  • Delusions: False beliefs, often of grandeur or paranoia
  • Psychomotor disturbances: Stereotypical behaviors like rocking or twitching

Example: A person with schizophrenia might hear voices giving instructions on how to behave, which is an example of an auditory hallucination.

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia involve limitations of normal functions:

  • Speech poverty alogiaalogia
  • Avolition reductionofgoal−directedbehaviorreduction of goal-directed behavior
  • Disturbances of mood and thought disorders
  • Catatonia remaininginonepositionforextendedperiodsremaining in one position for extended periods

Vocabulary: Avolition refers to a complete lack of self-motivated behavior, where a person becomes apathetic and waits for things to happen.

AINS THANK YOU) D Il youvelcome MY Cove WALT VIBE BESTME Place weRe Came COLE Introduction ex A CHRIST I . Classification - the process of o


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4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

Subjects

Psychology

Abnormal Psychology

Diagnostic Criteria and Classification Systems (e.g. Bipolar Disorder, DSM-5)

 

Psychology

•

418

•

Feb 4, 2023

•

4 pages

Understanding Schizophrenia: DSM-5 and ICD-10 Explained for Kids

user profile picture

libby Moxey

@libby_moxey

Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder characterized by positive and negative symptoms. The DSM-5 criteria for schizophreniaand ICD-10 classification systems differ in their diagnostic approach. While DSM-5 focuses on positive symptoms, ICD-10 emphasizes negative symptoms for diagnosis. Key aspects... Show more

AINS THANK YOU) D Il youvelcome MY Cove WALT VIBE BESTME Place weRe Came COLE Introduction ex A CHRIST I . Classification - the process of o

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Evaluation of Schizophrenia Classification and Diagnosis

Schizophrenia classification and diagnosis have both advantages and potential drawbacks:

Advantages:

  • Allows effective communication among doctors
  • Enables prediction of disorder outcomes
  • Helps in recommending appropriate treatments

Challenges and Criticisms:

  • Slater and Roth argue that hallucinations are the least important symptoms, as they are not exclusive to schizophrenia
  • Scheff suggests that diagnosis can lead to labeling and self-fulfilling prophecy
  • Ethical concerns include potential misdiagnosis, mistreatment, loss of rights, and prejudice due to labels

Highlight: The classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia raise important ethical questions about whether the benefits outweigh the potential costs.

Reliability and Validity in Diagnosis

Reliability in schizophrenia diagnosis refers to the level of agreement between different clinicians using the same system. Challenges in achieving reliability include:

  • Lack of physical signs, relying solely on reported symptoms
  • Comorbidity with other disorders like depression, which can complicate diagnosis

Example: Jakobsen's study on the reliability of ICD-10 achieved a 98% concordance rate among 100 Danish patients with a history of psychosis, demonstrating high reliability in clinical diagnosis.

Gender Differences in Diagnosis

Research has shown potential gender biases in schizophrenia diagnosis:

  • Loring and Powell found that some behaviors considered psychotic in males were not regarded as such in females

Quote: "Loring and Powell found that some behaviour that was regarded as psychotic in males was not regarded as psychotic in females."

This finding highlights the importance of considering potential gender biases in the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and the need for further research to ensure equitable diagnosis across genders.

AINS THANK YOU) D Il youvelcome MY Cove WALT VIBE BESTME Place weRe Came COLE Introduction ex A CHRIST I . Classification - the process of o

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Reliability and Validity of Diagnosis and Classification

Reliability in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis refers to the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures. For a classification system to be reliable, different clinicians using the same system should arrive at the same diagnosis for the same individual.

Challenges in diagnosis:

  • Lack of physical signs, relying solely on reported symptoms
  • Potential for co-morbidity with other disorders like depression
  • Possible gender bias in symptom interpretation

Example: Jakobsen tested the reliability of the ICD-10 by assessing 100 Danish patients with a history of psychosis. A concordance rate of 98% was achieved, demonstrating high reliability in the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Highlight: Diagnosis can be particularly challenging in cases of co-morbidity, where symptoms of schizophrenia may overlap with other disorders like depression.

Gender Considerations in Diagnosis

Research has shown that gender can influence the perception and diagnosis of schizophrenia symptoms:

Quote: Loring and Powell found that "some behavior that was regarded as psychotic in males was not regarded as psychotic in females."

This finding highlights the importance of considering potential gender biases in the diagnostic process for schizophrenia and other mental disorders.

Vocabulary: Co-morbidity refers to the presence of two or more disorders in the same individual, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment.

AINS THANK YOU) D Il youvelcome MY Cove WALT VIBE BESTME Place weRe Came COLE Introduction ex A CHRIST I . Classification - the process of o

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Introduction to Schizophrenia Classification and Diagnosis

Classification is the process of organizing symptoms into categories based on how they cluster together in sufferers. Two main systems are used for diagnosing schizophrenia:

  • The ICD-10, used worldwide, requires only negative symptoms for diagnosis
  • The DSM-5 schizophrenia criteria, used in America, require only positive symptoms for diagnosis

The mental health profession developed the DSM to diagnose schizophrenia more effectively.

Definition: Classification is the process of organizing symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia involve an excess or distortion of normal functions:

  • Hallucinations: Usually auditory or visual perceptions of things not present
  • Delusions: False beliefs, often of grandeur or paranoia
  • Psychomotor disturbances: Stereotypical behaviors like rocking or twitching

Example: A person with schizophrenia might hear voices giving instructions on how to behave, which is an example of an auditory hallucination.

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia involve limitations of normal functions:

  • Speech poverty alogiaalogia
  • Avolition reductionofgoal−directedbehaviorreduction of goal-directed behavior
  • Disturbances of mood and thought disorders
  • Catatonia remaininginonepositionforextendedperiodsremaining in one position for extended periods

Vocabulary: Avolition refers to a complete lack of self-motivated behavior, where a person becomes apathetic and waits for things to happen.

AINS THANK YOU) D Il youvelcome MY Cove WALT VIBE BESTME Place weRe Came COLE Introduction ex A CHRIST I . Classification - the process of o

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user