Subjects

Subjects

More

Psychopathology Revision Notes for Students - AQA A Level, PDF Exam Questions & Answers

View

Psychopathology Revision Notes for Students - AQA A Level, PDF Exam Questions & Answers

Psychopathology: Key Concepts and Approaches in Abnormal Psychology

This comprehensive guide covers essential topics in psychopathology, including definitions of abnormality, characteristics and treatments for phobias and depression, and cognitive approaches to mental disorders. It provides in-depth explanations suitable for A level Psychology students preparing for exams on topics like definitions of abnormality and treatments for phobias.

  • Explores four main definitions of abnormality: statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately, and deviation from ideal mental health
  • Examines behavioral, cognitive, and emotional characteristics of phobias and depression
  • Discusses behaviorist and cognitive approaches to explaining and treating phobias and depression
  • Includes evaluation points and examples to illustrate key concepts

1/16/2023

3946

Depression: Characteristics and Cognitive Approach

This section delves into the key characteristics of depression and explores the cognitive approach to explaining this common mental health disorder. Understanding these concepts is crucial for AQA A Level Psychology Psychopathology revision.

Characteristics of Depression

Depression manifests through a range of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional characteristics:

Behavioral characteristics include:

  • Reduced activity levels
  • Disruptions to sleep patterns and appetite
  • Increased aggression in some cases

Cognitive characteristics encompass:

  • Poor concentration and difficulty focusing
  • A tendency to dwell on negative thoughts and experiences
  • Absolutist thinking patterns

Vocabulary: Absolutist thinking refers to a cognitive distortion where individuals view situations in extreme, black-and-white terms.

Emotional characteristics involve:

  • Increased feelings of anger
  • Persistently lowered mood
  • Diminished self-esteem

Cognitive Approach to Explaining Depression

The cognitive approach, particularly Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression, is a fundamental model for understanding the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms.

Definition: Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression proposes that depressive symptoms arise from distorted thinking patterns and negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future.

According to Beck, there are three key components to cognitive vulnerability in depression:

  1. Faulty Information Processing:

    • Individuals with depression tend to focus disproportionately on negative aspects of their experiences
    • This selective attention reinforces negative beliefs and maintains depressive symptoms
  2. Negative Self-Schemas:

    • Depressed individuals often hold deeply ingrained negative beliefs about themselves
    • These schemas influence how they interpret events and information, typically in a self-deprecating manner
  3. Cognitive Triad:

    • This refers to negative views about: a) The self (e.g., "I am worthless") b) The world (e.g., "The world is unfair and hostile") c) The future (e.g., "Things will never get better")

Highlight: The cognitive triad plays a crucial role in maintaining depressive symptoms by creating a self-reinforcing cycle of negative thoughts and emotions.

Understanding these cognitive factors is essential for developing effective treatments for depression, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which aims to identify and modify distorted thinking patterns.

Example: A depressed individual might interpret a minor mistake at work as evidence of their complete incompetence, illustrating the impact of negative self-schemas and absolutist thinking.

This cognitive approach to depression provides valuable insights for both A Level Psychology students and mental health professionals, offering a framework for understanding and addressing the complex interplay between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in depressive disorders.

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

Cognitive Approach to Depression: Beck's Theory and Treatment

This section continues the exploration of the cognitive approach to depression, focusing on Beck's Cognitive Theory and its implications for treatment. This information is crucial for AQA A Level Psychology Psychopathology exam questions and revision.

Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression (Continued)

Beck's theory proposes that individuals with depression have cognitive vulnerabilities that predispose them to develop and maintain depressive symptoms. These vulnerabilities include:

  1. Faulty Information Processing:

    • Tendency to attend to and remember negative information more readily than positive information
    • Leads to a negatively biased interpretation of events and experiences
  2. Negative Self-Schemas:

    • Deeply held beliefs about oneself that are typically formed in childhood
    • Activated by stressful life events, leading to negative automatic thoughts
  3. Cognitive Triad:

    • Negative views about the self, the world, and the future
    • Creates a self-reinforcing cycle of negative thoughts and emotions

Example: A student who fails an exam might think, "I'm a complete failure" (negative self), "Everyone else is smarter than me" (negative world), and "I'll never succeed in my career" (negative future), illustrating the cognitive triad in action.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Depression

Based on Beck's theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has been developed as an effective treatment for depression. CBT focuses on identifying and modifying distorted thinking patterns and behaviors that contribute to depressive symptoms.

Key components of CBT for depression include:

  1. Cognitive Restructuring:

    • Identifying negative automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions
    • Challenging these thoughts with evidence and developing more balanced, realistic alternatives
  2. Behavioral Activation:

    • Encouraging engagement in pleasurable activities and setting achievable goals
    • Helps combat the reduced activity levels characteristic of depression
  3. Problem-Solving Skills:

    • Teaching effective strategies for addressing life challenges
    • Reduces feelings of helplessness and improves coping abilities

Highlight: CBT is considered one of the most effective treatments for depression, with numerous studies supporting its efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms and preventing relapse.

  1. Mindfulness Techniques:
    • Incorporating mindfulness practices to increase awareness of thoughts and emotions
    • Helps individuals detach from negative thought patterns

Vocabulary: Mindfulness refers to the practice of being fully present and engaged in the current moment, without judgment.

Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach to Depression

Strengths:

  • Provides a clear, testable model for understanding depression
  • Has led to the development of effective treatments like CBT
  • Accounts for individual differences in vulnerability to depression

Limitations:

  • May oversimplify the complex nature of depression by focusing primarily on cognitive factors
  • Does not fully account for biological and social influences on depression
  • Some critics argue that negative thinking patterns may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression

Quote: "The cognitive model has revolutionized our understanding and treatment of depression, but it's important to consider it as part of a broader biopsychosocial approach." - Contemporary psychology researcher

Understanding the cognitive approach to depression, including Beck's theory and CBT, is essential for A Level Psychology students preparing for exams on psychopathology. This knowledge not only aids in academic success but also provides valuable insights into the nature of depression and its treatment.

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

View

Characteristics and Treatment of Phobias

This section examines the key characteristics of phobias across behavioral, cognitive, and emotional domains. It also explores behaviorist approaches to explaining and treating phobias, which are crucial topics for AQA A Level Psychology Psychopathology revision.

Characteristics of Phobias

Phobias manifest through distinct behavioral, cognitive, and emotional characteristics:

Behavioral characteristics include:

  • Panic reactions when confronted with the phobic stimulus
  • Avoidance of the feared object or situation
  • Endurance of the phobic situation with intense distress

Highlight: The avoidance behavior in phobias often serves to maintain the fear, as it prevents the individual from challenging their irrational beliefs.

Cognitive characteristics encompass:

  • Selective attention, where individuals suppress irrelevant information and focus on the perceived threat
  • Cognitive distortions leading to catastrophic thinking
  • Irrational beliefs about the phobic stimulus

Emotional characteristics involve:

  • Intense anxiety when exposed to or anticipating the phobic stimulus
  • An emotional response that is disproportionate to the actual danger posed

Behaviorist Approach to Explaining Phobias

The behaviorist approach, particularly relevant for AQA A Level Psychology Psychopathology exam questions, focuses on learning processes in the development and maintenance of phobias:

Definition: Mowrer's two-process model explains phobia acquisition through associative learning and maintenance through reinforcement.

  1. Acquisition: Phobias are learned by associating a neutral object or situation with something negative or frightening.
  2. Maintenance: The phobia persists through reinforcement, particularly negative reinforcement when avoidance behavior reduces anxiety.

Seligman's evolutionary perspective suggests humans are biologically predisposed to fear stimuli that threatened our ancestors' survival, explaining why certain phobias (e.g., snakes, heights) are more common than others.

Behaviorist Treatments for Phobias

Two main behaviorist treatments for phobias are systematic desensitization and flooding:

  1. Systematic Desensitization:
    • Gradually exposes the individual to increasingly anxiety-provoking versions of the phobic stimulus
    • Pairs exposure with relaxation techniques to counter-condition the fear response
    • Effective for learned phobias and has lower dropout rates compared to other treatments

Example: Gilroy's study on arachnophobia found that patients treated with systematic desensitization showed reduced fear at 3 and 33 months post-treatment compared to a control group.

  1. Flooding:
    • Involves immediate and intense exposure to the phobic stimulus
    • Prevents negative reinforcement of avoidance behavior
    • Can be highly effective and requires fewer sessions than other treatments

Quote: "Ougrin found that flooding was at least as effective as other phobia treatments."

Both treatments have their strengths and limitations, making them suitable for different types of phobias and patient characteristics.

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

View

Definitions of Abnormality in Psychology

This section explores four key definitions of abnormality used in psychology to classify and understand mental disorders. These definitions provide different perspectives on what constitutes abnormal behavior or mental states.

Definition: Statistical infrequency refers to characteristics or behaviors that are uncommon in the general population.

Statistical infrequency considers behaviors or traits that occur rarely in the population as potentially abnormal. For example, intellectual disability disorder (IDD) is statistically infrequent. However, this definition has limitations, as some statistically rare traits like high intelligence are not considered abnormal or undesirable.

Highlight: Labeling individuals based on statistical infrequency can have negative consequences by limiting opportunities and changing how others perceive them.

Deviation from social norms looks at behaviors that differ from accepted standards in a society or community. This definition recognizes that norms vary across cultures and time periods, with few universally abnormal behaviors. An example is antisocial personality disorder (APD), which involves traits like superficial charm and antisocial behavior that deviate from social expectations.

Vocabulary: Cultural relativism refers to the idea that behaviors considered abnormal can vary significantly between different cultures.

Failure to function adequately focuses on an individual's ability to cope with daily living demands. This includes maintaining hygiene, nutrition, employment, and relationships. Rosenhan and Seligman identified signs of inadequate functioning such as severe stress, dangerous behaviors, and no longer conforming to interpersonal rules. While this definition considers the patient's perspective, critics argue it may overlap with deviation from social norms.

Deviation from ideal mental health uses criteria proposed by Jahoda to assess mental health. These include lack of distress symptoms, rational thinking, self-actualization, stress coping, realistic worldview, good self-esteem, independence, and ability to work and enjoy leisure. While comprehensive, this approach may set unrealistically high expectations for mental health.

Example: An individual with intellectual disability disorder may struggle to cook for themselves or make safe decisions, demonstrating failure to function adequately in daily life.

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

View

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

View

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

View

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

View

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

View

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

View

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

View

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

View

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

Knowunity was a featured story by Apple and has consistently topped the app store charts within the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Ranked #1 Education App

Download in

Google Play

Download in

App Store

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

4.9+

Average App Rating

13 M

Students use Knowunity

#1

In Education App Charts in 11 Countries

950 K+

Students uploaded study notes

Still not sure? Look at what your fellow peers are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much [...] I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a C to an A with it :D

Stefan S, iOS User

The application is very simple and well designed. So far I have found what I was looking for :D

SuSSan, iOS User

Love this App ❤️, I use it basically all the time whenever I'm studying

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

Knowunity was a featured story by Apple and has consistently topped the app store charts within the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Ranked #1 Education App

Download in

Google Play

Download in

App Store

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

4.9+

Average App Rating

13 M

Students use Knowunity

#1

In Education App Charts in 11 Countries

950 K+

Students uploaded study notes

Still not sure? Look at what your fellow peers are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much [...] I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a C to an A with it :D

Stefan S, iOS User

The application is very simple and well designed. So far I have found what I was looking for :D

SuSSan, iOS User

Love this App ❤️, I use it basically all the time whenever I'm studying

View

Psychopathology Revision Notes for Students - AQA A Level, PDF Exam Questions & Answers

Psychopathology Revision Notes for Students - AQA A Level, PDF Exam Questions & Answers

Psychopathology: Key Concepts and Approaches in Abnormal Psychology

This comprehensive guide covers essential topics in psychopathology, including definitions of abnormality, characteristics and treatments for phobias and depression, and cognitive approaches to mental disorders. It provides in-depth explanations suitable for A level Psychology students preparing for exams on topics like definitions of abnormality and treatments for phobias.

  • Explores four main definitions of abnormality: statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately, and deviation from ideal mental health
  • Examines behavioral, cognitive, and emotional characteristics of phobias and depression
  • Discusses behaviorist and cognitive approaches to explaining and treating phobias and depression
  • Includes evaluation points and examples to illustrate key concepts

1/16/2023

3946

Depression: Characteristics and Cognitive Approach

This section delves into the key characteristics of depression and explores the cognitive approach to explaining this common mental health disorder. Understanding these concepts is crucial for AQA A Level Psychology Psychopathology revision.

Characteristics of Depression

Depression manifests through a range of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional characteristics:

Behavioral characteristics include:

  • Reduced activity levels
  • Disruptions to sleep patterns and appetite
  • Increased aggression in some cases

Cognitive characteristics encompass:

  • Poor concentration and difficulty focusing
  • A tendency to dwell on negative thoughts and experiences
  • Absolutist thinking patterns

Vocabulary: Absolutist thinking refers to a cognitive distortion where individuals view situations in extreme, black-and-white terms.

Emotional characteristics involve:

  • Increased feelings of anger
  • Persistently lowered mood
  • Diminished self-esteem

Cognitive Approach to Explaining Depression

The cognitive approach, particularly Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression, is a fundamental model for understanding the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms.

Definition: Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression proposes that depressive symptoms arise from distorted thinking patterns and negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future.

According to Beck, there are three key components to cognitive vulnerability in depression:

  1. Faulty Information Processing:

    • Individuals with depression tend to focus disproportionately on negative aspects of their experiences
    • This selective attention reinforces negative beliefs and maintains depressive symptoms
  2. Negative Self-Schemas:

    • Depressed individuals often hold deeply ingrained negative beliefs about themselves
    • These schemas influence how they interpret events and information, typically in a self-deprecating manner
  3. Cognitive Triad:

    • This refers to negative views about: a) The self (e.g., "I am worthless") b) The world (e.g., "The world is unfair and hostile") c) The future (e.g., "Things will never get better")

Highlight: The cognitive triad plays a crucial role in maintaining depressive symptoms by creating a self-reinforcing cycle of negative thoughts and emotions.

Understanding these cognitive factors is essential for developing effective treatments for depression, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which aims to identify and modify distorted thinking patterns.

Example: A depressed individual might interpret a minor mistake at work as evidence of their complete incompetence, illustrating the impact of negative self-schemas and absolutist thinking.

This cognitive approach to depression provides valuable insights for both A Level Psychology students and mental health professionals, offering a framework for understanding and addressing the complex interplay between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in depressive disorders.

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Cognitive Approach to Depression: Beck's Theory and Treatment

This section continues the exploration of the cognitive approach to depression, focusing on Beck's Cognitive Theory and its implications for treatment. This information is crucial for AQA A Level Psychology Psychopathology exam questions and revision.

Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression (Continued)

Beck's theory proposes that individuals with depression have cognitive vulnerabilities that predispose them to develop and maintain depressive symptoms. These vulnerabilities include:

  1. Faulty Information Processing:

    • Tendency to attend to and remember negative information more readily than positive information
    • Leads to a negatively biased interpretation of events and experiences
  2. Negative Self-Schemas:

    • Deeply held beliefs about oneself that are typically formed in childhood
    • Activated by stressful life events, leading to negative automatic thoughts
  3. Cognitive Triad:

    • Negative views about the self, the world, and the future
    • Creates a self-reinforcing cycle of negative thoughts and emotions

Example: A student who fails an exam might think, "I'm a complete failure" (negative self), "Everyone else is smarter than me" (negative world), and "I'll never succeed in my career" (negative future), illustrating the cognitive triad in action.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Depression

Based on Beck's theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has been developed as an effective treatment for depression. CBT focuses on identifying and modifying distorted thinking patterns and behaviors that contribute to depressive symptoms.

Key components of CBT for depression include:

  1. Cognitive Restructuring:

    • Identifying negative automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions
    • Challenging these thoughts with evidence and developing more balanced, realistic alternatives
  2. Behavioral Activation:

    • Encouraging engagement in pleasurable activities and setting achievable goals
    • Helps combat the reduced activity levels characteristic of depression
  3. Problem-Solving Skills:

    • Teaching effective strategies for addressing life challenges
    • Reduces feelings of helplessness and improves coping abilities

Highlight: CBT is considered one of the most effective treatments for depression, with numerous studies supporting its efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms and preventing relapse.

  1. Mindfulness Techniques:
    • Incorporating mindfulness practices to increase awareness of thoughts and emotions
    • Helps individuals detach from negative thought patterns

Vocabulary: Mindfulness refers to the practice of being fully present and engaged in the current moment, without judgment.

Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach to Depression

Strengths:

  • Provides a clear, testable model for understanding depression
  • Has led to the development of effective treatments like CBT
  • Accounts for individual differences in vulnerability to depression

Limitations:

  • May oversimplify the complex nature of depression by focusing primarily on cognitive factors
  • Does not fully account for biological and social influences on depression
  • Some critics argue that negative thinking patterns may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression

Quote: "The cognitive model has revolutionized our understanding and treatment of depression, but it's important to consider it as part of a broader biopsychosocial approach." - Contemporary psychology researcher

Understanding the cognitive approach to depression, including Beck's theory and CBT, is essential for A Level Psychology students preparing for exams on psychopathology. This knowledge not only aids in academic success but also provides valuable insights into the nature of depression and its treatment.

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Characteristics and Treatment of Phobias

This section examines the key characteristics of phobias across behavioral, cognitive, and emotional domains. It also explores behaviorist approaches to explaining and treating phobias, which are crucial topics for AQA A Level Psychology Psychopathology revision.

Characteristics of Phobias

Phobias manifest through distinct behavioral, cognitive, and emotional characteristics:

Behavioral characteristics include:

  • Panic reactions when confronted with the phobic stimulus
  • Avoidance of the feared object or situation
  • Endurance of the phobic situation with intense distress

Highlight: The avoidance behavior in phobias often serves to maintain the fear, as it prevents the individual from challenging their irrational beliefs.

Cognitive characteristics encompass:

  • Selective attention, where individuals suppress irrelevant information and focus on the perceived threat
  • Cognitive distortions leading to catastrophic thinking
  • Irrational beliefs about the phobic stimulus

Emotional characteristics involve:

  • Intense anxiety when exposed to or anticipating the phobic stimulus
  • An emotional response that is disproportionate to the actual danger posed

Behaviorist Approach to Explaining Phobias

The behaviorist approach, particularly relevant for AQA A Level Psychology Psychopathology exam questions, focuses on learning processes in the development and maintenance of phobias:

Definition: Mowrer's two-process model explains phobia acquisition through associative learning and maintenance through reinforcement.

  1. Acquisition: Phobias are learned by associating a neutral object or situation with something negative or frightening.
  2. Maintenance: The phobia persists through reinforcement, particularly negative reinforcement when avoidance behavior reduces anxiety.

Seligman's evolutionary perspective suggests humans are biologically predisposed to fear stimuli that threatened our ancestors' survival, explaining why certain phobias (e.g., snakes, heights) are more common than others.

Behaviorist Treatments for Phobias

Two main behaviorist treatments for phobias are systematic desensitization and flooding:

  1. Systematic Desensitization:
    • Gradually exposes the individual to increasingly anxiety-provoking versions of the phobic stimulus
    • Pairs exposure with relaxation techniques to counter-condition the fear response
    • Effective for learned phobias and has lower dropout rates compared to other treatments

Example: Gilroy's study on arachnophobia found that patients treated with systematic desensitization showed reduced fear at 3 and 33 months post-treatment compared to a control group.

  1. Flooding:
    • Involves immediate and intense exposure to the phobic stimulus
    • Prevents negative reinforcement of avoidance behavior
    • Can be highly effective and requires fewer sessions than other treatments

Quote: "Ougrin found that flooding was at least as effective as other phobia treatments."

Both treatments have their strengths and limitations, making them suitable for different types of phobias and patient characteristics.

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Definitions of Abnormality in Psychology

This section explores four key definitions of abnormality used in psychology to classify and understand mental disorders. These definitions provide different perspectives on what constitutes abnormal behavior or mental states.

Definition: Statistical infrequency refers to characteristics or behaviors that are uncommon in the general population.

Statistical infrequency considers behaviors or traits that occur rarely in the population as potentially abnormal. For example, intellectual disability disorder (IDD) is statistically infrequent. However, this definition has limitations, as some statistically rare traits like high intelligence are not considered abnormal or undesirable.

Highlight: Labeling individuals based on statistical infrequency can have negative consequences by limiting opportunities and changing how others perceive them.

Deviation from social norms looks at behaviors that differ from accepted standards in a society or community. This definition recognizes that norms vary across cultures and time periods, with few universally abnormal behaviors. An example is antisocial personality disorder (APD), which involves traits like superficial charm and antisocial behavior that deviate from social expectations.

Vocabulary: Cultural relativism refers to the idea that behaviors considered abnormal can vary significantly between different cultures.

Failure to function adequately focuses on an individual's ability to cope with daily living demands. This includes maintaining hygiene, nutrition, employment, and relationships. Rosenhan and Seligman identified signs of inadequate functioning such as severe stress, dangerous behaviors, and no longer conforming to interpersonal rules. While this definition considers the patient's perspective, critics argue it may overlap with deviation from social norms.

Deviation from ideal mental health uses criteria proposed by Jahoda to assess mental health. These include lack of distress symptoms, rational thinking, self-actualization, stress coping, realistic worldview, good self-esteem, independence, and ability to work and enjoy leisure. While comprehensive, this approach may set unrealistically high expectations for mental health.

Example: An individual with intellectual disability disorder may struggle to cook for themselves or make safe decisions, demonstrating failure to function adequately in daily life.

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Psychopathology
Definitions of abnormality
• statistical infrequency - when an individual has less common characteristics,
those which are n

Sign up

Sign up to get unlimited access to thousands of study materials. It's free!

Access to all documents

Join milions of students

Improve your grades

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

Knowunity was a featured story by Apple and has consistently topped the app store charts within the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Ranked #1 Education App

Download in

Google Play

Download in

App Store

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

4.9+

Average App Rating

13 M

Students use Knowunity

#1

In Education App Charts in 11 Countries

950 K+

Students uploaded study notes

Still not sure? Look at what your fellow peers are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much [...] I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a C to an A with it :D

Stefan S, iOS User

The application is very simple and well designed. So far I have found what I was looking for :D

SuSSan, iOS User

Love this App ❤️, I use it basically all the time whenever I'm studying