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IV → wouldve researcher was there or not happened whether the (+): High external validity / advantage of pre existing IV's (+) -> field: Pr The IU is manipulated in a natural Su everyday setting (+High mundane realism + re External validity (-):-): (oss of control of extraneous Mc Janables /Replication not possible ethical issues allocated to experimental conditions Types of Experiments Quasi: key ingredients. Variabler Almost an experiment lacks (+): Same strengths as a (-): same weaknesses as a Natural experiments Just Idependant Groups: 2 seperate groups of PPS experience 2 different levels of the experiment. Performance is then (+): Random allocation/order effects arent a problem (-):PPS in diff. erent groups arent the Same individual differencer Experimental Designs is (+): pps vonables Repeated measures: are controlled/ fewer pps needed matched Pairs: PPs are paired on a matched Variable. One member of the Pair is assigned to condition A + the other to B. Marched on an attempt to control Participant varialde (+) only take part in one condition/order effects over a problem -): Time consuming/ expensive All pps experience both Conditions. The 2 sets of data are compared (-): pps have to do atleast 2 tasks to deal with counter balancing / order effects could crise - boredom Random: Sophisticated, all members of target Population have an equal chance of being selected (+): Free from researcher bias/unrep- bias (-): Time cons. K uming/un- representative Oppurtunity: Researchers select anyone who's willing whoever is around (+) convenient/ less costy (HD resentatik / not generalsable Sampling Systemic : Every nith member of target Population A Sampling frame is Produced +Sampling system is nominated (+): Avoids researcher bias/ representative Population: Group of people who are researchers the focus of the interest Sanuple: Group of people who take Part in an invest- gation Volunteer: PPS Select themselves to be in the study (+): less time consuming (-): volunteer bias /. effect generalisability Stratified: Sample reflects. target population (+): Avoids researcher bias/representative (-): not perfect - (-): less random/risk of data representation data manipulation not possible Naturalistic: Setting where behaviour would usually occur (+): High external Controlled: watching + recording Structured enviroment (+): easily replicable (-): lack of control makes (): Findings cant be readily applied to uncontrolled extraneous every day setting replication hard variables Observational Techniques couert: PPS are unaware theyre the focus of the study (+): gets rid of PPS deceived Covert: PPS know their behaviour is being watched (+); no ethical issues (: demand character- Participant: Researcher becomes a member of the observed group (4+): Give insight: validity may lose objectivity (-): (ose insight non pas : researcher remains outside the Observed groups (+): maintain objective 23 AL structured: unstructured: Researcher wants to too much o write down everything in a single observation going on behaviour are detailed researcher to quantity they see +accounts of for the researcher. Allows (+): depth of detail (-):Observer bias Target behablow& To be studied Should be studied defined + made observable + measurable Observations through predetermined list of behaviors (+): recording data easier straightforward Observational Design Sampling methods: (+)? data collection more However for complex emotions / continuous recording of behavior of unstructured observations, Structured clear +unambigious →Event compling: counting number behaviours this ishe practical →Time Sampling: recording behavior Of times a particulor behavior occur with a pre-established time frame open questions: Produce qualitive data, rich in depth/ Questionnaires: (+): A Pre Set list of → questions to assess thoughts and feelings hard to analyse closed questions: •Libert A fixed number of responses. Rating Cive quantitive data- easy to analyse / lacks Pilot study Small scal vers.of unvestigation takes place before the real unvestigation Aixed choice Self-Report Techniques Structured intenci: Predetermined Set of questions in a fixed order (+): replicable (-): not possible to elaborate cost effective large amant of data. short time Straightforward to Responses may not be the form of demand char- acteristics Response bios A cquienscence Vaas Interveiw: unstructured: warus like a солис, no set questions a researcher intends to (+): flexible /insight elicit info from apps (-) go through Conversation wich irrelevanto details Seni Structured: fall between list of questions + conversion Quantitive data: statistically analysed (+): Simple to analyse (-): doesn't representative real life Negative Correlation: As one Covariable increases the other decre ases Positive correlation: As one co variable increases so does the other 1 (4) useful apetinin ( Correlations prelim. inag tool for research Quantifiable mea- Suve (Assess pattoms Difference between Quick + economical Qualitative: non-numerical, language Zero correlation: There is no relationship between co-variables Correlations & Experiments based (-) Mustrates strength. cont demonstrate cause + effect •nse to 3rd variable Problem no manipulation of one vorable, therefore impossible to establish cause + effect interveining variables: (+): rich indetail (-): difficult to analyse Researcher controls the Iv order to measure the effect of the OV factors that play a role in the relationship between two other variables Primary data: (field) refers to original data that's been collected for the purpose of the investig" ation (+): authentic (-): time + effort Central Seandary data: been collected by Someone other than the person who is conducting the research (+)/ inexpensive (-): info Data Analysis tendancy: Are averages which give us info about typical values: •Meani(+) sensitive/ meta analysis: representative (-) easily where researchers distorted •Median: (+) scones not affected Less Sensitive be outdat may Smeasures of dispersion: based on spread of Scones how much Scones vary: •Range: (+Jeasy to calc (unrepresentative •Standard deviation: (+) sophisticated Combine the findings from multiple Stuckie's to draw an overall Mode: (+)easy to call conclusion. ende measure (1): robust results (-): combines different types of studies Normal Distributions: IF If you measure certain Jandbles, the frequency people are located outwords, never form a bell shaped curve-The mean, medium of the measurements should in the middle area of the cure the horizontaux It is Symmetrical at is as move extreme scones are and mode all occupy the same mid paint of the cure always theoretically Possible The tails of the Curve, which extends within a normal distribution most Distributions A Positive Shew is where most & Shewed Distributions: of the distributions from psychological Scales/ Some data sets derived data sets derived is concentrated measurement may be towards the Shewed - Distributions that treated on the right left of a green appear to Lean to one side or A negative Skew an easy test would Produce a distribution where the bulk of the scones are concen = a long tail on the other the right ↳ The various measures of centeral tendency are affected Primary data: (Reid) refers to original data that's been collected for the purpose of the investig" lation (+): Guthentic (-): time + efforts Central Secondary data: been collected by Someone other than the person who is A conducting the research (1) inexpensive (-) info Data Analysis meses f Jourdat may dispersion: based on spread of Scones how much scenes vary: •Range: (+ Jeasy to calc (-) unrepresentative sophisticated Standard deviation: (+) tendancy: Are averages which give us info about typical values: •Meani(t) sensitive/ representative (-) easily distorted meta analysis: where researchers Combine the findings extrem scones not affected from multiple Slucht's to draw an overall Less Sensitive Mode: (+)easy to call conclusion, crude measure (+): robust results (-): combines different types of studies be Role of Peer reveiw: involves all aspects of the written investigation being serutinised by a Small group of experts These peers should be objective + unknown to the research ev Main Aims of Peer reveiw 1.To allocate research Support necessary for healthy development Funding 2. To validate quality t relevance of research 3. Suggest improvements Peer Reveiw Attachment research: Research has Implications of psychological research for the economy come further since Bowlby's theory of attachments more research has questionned this notion •Suggest both both parents are capable of providing the emotional treatments is important in the work place treatment for Development of mental health: research done show. absenses are caused by mental health. Research into causes t