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The process by which the eye’s lens changes shaped to focus objects in the retina
Accommodation
Audrey Barboza
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AP Psychology
10th/11th
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AP Psychology
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The process by which the eye’s lens changes shaped to focus objects in the retina
Accommodation
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Sensation and Perception Notes
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Sensation and perception, processing, eyes, and ears
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Unit 4 AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT VOCABULARY REVIEW SHEET- terms that will be seen throughout the unit.
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Based on the Myer's Psychology Textbook
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Accommodation
The process by which the eye’s lens changes shaped to focus objects in the retina
Absolute Threshold
The minimum threshold needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Audition
The sense or act of hearing
Binocular Cues
Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of 2 eyes
Blindsigh
A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
Blind Spot
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there
Bottom-Up Processing
Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
Change Blindness
Failing to notice changes in the environment
Cochlea
A coiled, bony fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
Cohclear Implant
A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
Color Constancy
Perceicing familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
Cones
Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that functions in day-light or well-lot conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
Conduction Hearing Loss
Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Depth Perception
The ability to see objects in 3 demensions although the images that strike the retina are 2 demensional. Allows us to judge distance
Difference Threshold
The minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable different (JND)
Dual Processing
The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
Embodied Cognition
In psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments
Feature Detectors
Nerve cells in the brain that respond to special features of the stimulus. Such as shape, angle, or movement
Figure-Ground
The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surrounding (ground)
Fovea
The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster
Frequency
The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (EX) per second
Frequency Theory
In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
Gate-Control Theory
The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The “gate” in opened by the activity of pain signal traveling up small nerve fibers and is information coming from the brain
Gestalt
An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meanhfil wholes
Grouping
The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Hue
The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light. What we know as the color names: blue, green and so forth
Inattentional Blindness
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Inner Ear
The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
Intensity
The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude
Iris
A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Kinesthesia
The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
Lens
The transparent structure behind the people that changes shape doubt focus images in the retina
Middle Ear
The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the year. Check on the cochleas oval window.
Monocular Cues
Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone
Nociceptors
Sensory receptors that enable the perception of pain in response to potentially harmful skills
Opponent Process Theory
The Siri, the opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. (EX) some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red, others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
Optic Nerve
The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Parallel Processing
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously. The brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions
Perception
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Perceptual Adaptation
In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced, or even inverted visual field
Perceptual Constancy
Perceicing objects as unchanging, (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images changes
Perceptual Set
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
Phi Phenomenon
An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights, blink on and off in quick succession
Pitch
A tones experienced highness or lowness. Depends on frequency
Place Theory
In hearing, the theory that links the pitch, we hear with the place where the cochlea‘s membrane is stimulated
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory or response
Psychophysics
The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
Pupil
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which left enters
Retina
The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual and formation
Retinal Disparity
A binocular cues for perceiving death. By comparing images from the written us in the two eyes, the brain compute distance. The greater the disparity, difference, between the two images, the closer the object
Rods
Retinal receptors that detect a black, white, and gray. Necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond
Selectice Attention
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Sensation
The process by which are sensory receptors in nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas, receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. Also called nerve deafness
Sensory Adaptation
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Sensory Interaction
The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
Signal Detection Theory
A Siri predicting how, and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. As soon as there is no single, absolute threshold, and that detection, depends on, partly on one’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
Subliminal
Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Top-Down Processing
Information processing, guided by higher level, mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Transduction
Conversion of one form of energy into another. In temptation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sides, sound, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.
Vestibular Sense
The sense of body movement in position, including the sense of balance
Visual Cliff
A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
Wavelength
The distance from the piece of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
Weber’s Law
The Principal. Lol that, to be perceived, as different, to stimuli, must different by constant minimum percentage, probably rather than constant amount constant amount.
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (3 Color) Theory
The Siri that retina contains three different color receptors- one most sensitive to red, on to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
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