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The process by which the eye’s lens changes shaped to focus objects in the retina

Accommodation

Unit 3 Vocab

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Audrey Barboza

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AP Psychology

 

10th/11th

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Unit 3 Vocab

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Psychology

 

10th/11th

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Audrey Barboza

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AP Psychology

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Sensation Unit - Flashcards

Number of flashcard in this set (65)

Accommodation

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shaped to focus objects in the retina

Absolute Threshold

The minimum threshold needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

Audition

The sense or act of hearing

Binocular Cues

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of 2 eyes

Blindsigh

A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

Blind Spot

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there

Bottom-Up Processing

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

Change Blindness

Failing to notice changes in the environment

Cochlea

A coiled, bony fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

Cohclear Implant

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

Color Constancy

Perceicing familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

Cones

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that functions in day-light or well-lot conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

Conduction Hearing Loss

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

Depth Perception

The ability to see objects in 3 demensions although the images that strike the retina are 2 demensional. Allows us to judge distance

Difference Threshold

The minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable different (JND)

Dual Processing

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Embodied Cognition

In psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

Feature Detectors

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to special features of the stimulus. Such as shape, angle, or movement

Figure-Ground

The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surrounding (ground)

Fovea

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

Frequency

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (EX) per second

Frequency Theory

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

Gate-Control Theory

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The “gate” in opened by the activity of pain signal traveling up small nerve fibers and is information coming from the brain

Gestalt

An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meanhfil wholes

Grouping

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Hue

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light. What we know as the color names: blue, green and so forth

Inattentional Blindness

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Inner Ear

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

Intensity

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude

Iris

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

Kinesthesia

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Lens

The transparent structure behind the people that changes shape doubt focus images in the retina

Middle Ear

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the year. Check on the cochleas oval window.

Monocular Cues

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

Nociceptors

Sensory receptors that enable the perception of pain in response to potentially harmful skills

Opponent Process Theory

The Siri, the opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. (EX) some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red, others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

Optic Nerve

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Parallel Processing

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously. The brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions

Perception

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Perceptual Adaptation

In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced, or even inverted visual field

Perceptual Constancy

Perceicing objects as unchanging, (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images changes

Perceptual Set

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Phi Phenomenon

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights, blink on and off in quick succession

Pitch

A tones experienced highness or lowness. Depends on frequency

Place Theory

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch, we hear with the place where the cochlea‘s membrane is stimulated

Priming

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory or response

Psychophysics

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

Pupil

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which left enters

Retina

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual and formation

Retinal Disparity

A binocular cues for perceiving death. By comparing images from the written us in the two eyes, the brain compute distance. The greater the disparity, difference, between the two images, the closer the object

Rods

Retinal receptors that detect a black, white, and gray. Necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond

Selectice Attention

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Sensation

The process by which are sensory receptors in nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas, receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. Also called nerve deafness

Sensory Adaptation

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Sensory Interaction

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

Signal Detection Theory

A Siri predicting how, and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. As soon as there is no single, absolute threshold, and that detection, depends on, partly on one’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness

Subliminal

Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Top-Down Processing

Information processing, guided by higher level, mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Transduction

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In temptation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sides, sound, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.

Vestibular Sense

The sense of body movement in position, including the sense of balance

Visual Cliff

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

Wavelength

The distance from the piece of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission

Weber’s Law

The Principal. Lol that, to be perceived, as different, to stimuli, must different by constant minimum percentage, probably rather than constant amount constant amount.

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (3 Color) Theory

The Siri that retina contains three different color receptors- one most sensitive to red, on to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

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