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Sociology
Dec 6, 2025
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The domestic division of labour has significantly shaped gender rolesover time, with varying perspectives on housework equality... Show more
Talcott Parsons' "The Social Structure of the Family" (1959) outlined distinct roles for husbands and wives in nuclear families
Parsons argued these roles were based on biological differences between men and women. He claimed this division benefited men, women, children, and wider society by creating stability.
Definition The instrumental function in sociology refers to task-oriented roles focused on achieving practical goals, while expressive roles focus on maintaining relationships and emotional wellbeing.
Highlight Parsons' functionalist theory assumes an unequal domestic division of labor is natural and beneficial, a view heavily critiqued by feminist sociologists.
Sociologists have examined how marital roles have changed over time
Elizabeth Bott identified two types of conjugal roles
Young and Willmott took a "march of progress" view, arguing families were becoming more equal
Example In segregated roles, men might spend leisure time at the pub while women socialize with female relatives. Joint roles involve couples sharing housework and spending free time together.
Highlight The concept of "symmetrical families" with more equal roles has been influential but also critiqued as overly optimistic.
Feminist critiques of housework equality argue that despite some changes, significant inequalities in domestic labor persist
Ann Oakley found Young and Willmott's claims of symmetrical families were exaggerated
Boulton's research showed less than 20% of fathers had a major role in childcare
Warde and Hetherington found men would only do "female" tasks when partners were absent
Quote "There's no sign of a 'new man' who equals the share of housework" - Feminist perspective
Highlight Feminist sociologists argue that women's entry into paid work has not led to an equal redistribution of domestic labor.
Research on how women's increased participation in paid work affects the domestic division of labor shows mixed results
Arguments for increased equality
Arguments against increased equality
Vocabulary "Dual burden" refers to women's responsibility for both paid employment and unpaid domestic work.
Example Hochschild's concept of "emotion work" highlights how women often manage family members' emotions in addition to practical tasks.
Highlight The impact of women's paid work on household roles remains debated, with evidence of both change and continuity.
Crompton and Lyonette identify two main explanations for the persistent unequal division of domestic labor
Cultural explanations
Material explanations
Example Dunne found lesbian couples often had more symmetrical relationships due to the absence of heterosexual "gender scripts."
Highlight Both cultural norms and economic factors contribute to the persistent gender division of domestic labor.
While not directly addressed in the transcript, it's important to consider
Highlight Recognizing and valuing unpaid domestic and care work is crucial for understanding gender inequality and economic contributions.
The domestic division of labor refers to how household tasks and childcare responsibilities are shared between partners. Talcott Parsons' family theory from 1959 proposed distinct roles for husbands and wives based on biological differences, but this view has been heavily critiqued by feminist sociologists.
Key points
Highlight Understanding changing family roles and the division of household labor provides insight into gender inequality in society.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore how contemporary media shapes perceptions of age, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and social class. This summary delves into key theories and critiques, highlighting the impact of media portrayals on societal views and stereotypes. Ideal for students studying media influence and representation.
SociologyExplore the evolving division of labor and power dynamics in modern couples. This summary evaluates sociological perspectives on gender roles, household responsibilities, and the impact of changing societal attitudes. Key concepts include gender inequality, symmetrical families, and the financial division of labor. Ideal for sociology students preparing for essays or exams.
SociologyExplore the key concepts of educational inequalities, including gender socialization, ethnic achievement, and the role of education in social stratification. This summary covers critical sociological theories, such as labeling and subcultural theory, and examines the impact of cultural deprivation and material factors on educational outcomes. Ideal for sociology students preparing for exams or seeking to understand the complexities of education and its societal implications.
SociologyExplore the key concepts of feminism, including radical, Marxist, and liberal perspectives on gender inequality. This summary highlights the structural features of patriarchy, the impact of violence on women's oppression, and the differences in women's experiences based on class and ethnicity. Ideal for students studying gender studies or sociology.
SociologyExplore the impact of feminism on gender equality and educational achievement. This summary highlights key changes in women's roles, employment, and aspirations from the 1970s to the present, including the effects of legislation like the Equal Pay Act and the Sex Discrimination Act. Understand how societal shifts have transformed girls' ambitions and the importance of education in achieving independence. Ideal for students studying gender socialization and feminist perspectives in education.
SociologyExplore the dynamics of gender roles within families, focusing on the division of labor, domestic responsibilities, and the impact of societal changes. This summary covers key sociological perspectives, including functionalism, feminism, and Marxist views, as well as contemporary issues like domestic violence and the evolving roles of men and women in household tasks. Ideal for students studying Families & Households in sociology.
SociologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The domestic division of labour has significantly shaped gender rolesover time, with varying perspectives on housework equality and changes in conjugal roles. This summary explores key sociological views on the topic, from Parsons' traditional model to feminist critiques and... Show more
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Talcott Parsons' "The Social Structure of the Family" (1959) outlined distinct roles for husbands and wives in nuclear families:
Parsons argued these roles were based on biological differences between men and women. He claimed this division benefited men, women, children, and wider society by creating stability.
Definition: The instrumental function in sociology refers to task-oriented roles focused on achieving practical goals, while expressive roles focus on maintaining relationships and emotional wellbeing.
Highlight: Parsons' functionalist theory assumes an unequal domestic division of labor is natural and beneficial, a view heavily critiqued by feminist sociologists.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Sociologists have examined how marital roles have changed over time:
Elizabeth Bott identified two types of conjugal roles:
Young and Willmott took a "march of progress" view, arguing families were becoming more equal:
Example: In segregated roles, men might spend leisure time at the pub while women socialize with female relatives. Joint roles involve couples sharing housework and spending free time together.
Highlight: The concept of "symmetrical families" with more equal roles has been influential but also critiqued as overly optimistic.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Feminist critiques of housework equality argue that despite some changes, significant inequalities in domestic labor persist:
Ann Oakley found Young and Willmott's claims of symmetrical families were exaggerated:
Boulton's research showed less than 20% of fathers had a major role in childcare
Warde and Hetherington found men would only do "female" tasks when partners were absent
Quote: "There's no sign of a 'new man' who equals the share of housework" - Feminist perspective
Highlight: Feminist sociologists argue that women's entry into paid work has not led to an equal redistribution of domestic labor.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Research on how women's increased participation in paid work affects the domestic division of labor shows mixed results:
Arguments for increased equality:
Arguments against increased equality:
Vocabulary: "Dual burden" refers to women's responsibility for both paid employment and unpaid domestic work.
Example: Hochschild's concept of "emotion work" highlights how women often manage family members' emotions in addition to practical tasks.
Highlight: The impact of women's paid work on household roles remains debated, with evidence of both change and continuity.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Crompton and Lyonette identify two main explanations for the persistent unequal division of domestic labor:
Cultural explanations:
Material explanations:
Example: Dunne found lesbian couples often had more symmetrical relationships due to the absence of heterosexual "gender scripts."
Highlight: Both cultural norms and economic factors contribute to the persistent gender division of domestic labor.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
While not directly addressed in the transcript, it's important to consider:
Highlight: Recognizing and valuing unpaid domestic and care work is crucial for understanding gender inequality and economic contributions.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The domestic division of labor refers to how household tasks and childcare responsibilities are shared between partners. Talcott Parsons' family theory from 1959 proposed distinct roles for husbands and wives based on biological differences, but this view has been heavily critiqued by feminist sociologists.
Key points:
Highlight: Understanding changing family roles and the division of household labor provides insight into gender inequality in society.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
49
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore how contemporary media shapes perceptions of age, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and social class. This summary delves into key theories and critiques, highlighting the impact of media portrayals on societal views and stereotypes. Ideal for students studying media influence and representation.
SociologyExplore the evolving division of labor and power dynamics in modern couples. This summary evaluates sociological perspectives on gender roles, household responsibilities, and the impact of changing societal attitudes. Key concepts include gender inequality, symmetrical families, and the financial division of labor. Ideal for sociology students preparing for essays or exams.
SociologyExplore the key concepts of educational inequalities, including gender socialization, ethnic achievement, and the role of education in social stratification. This summary covers critical sociological theories, such as labeling and subcultural theory, and examines the impact of cultural deprivation and material factors on educational outcomes. Ideal for sociology students preparing for exams or seeking to understand the complexities of education and its societal implications.
SociologyExplore the key concepts of feminism, including radical, Marxist, and liberal perspectives on gender inequality. This summary highlights the structural features of patriarchy, the impact of violence on women's oppression, and the differences in women's experiences based on class and ethnicity. Ideal for students studying gender studies or sociology.
SociologyExplore the impact of feminism on gender equality and educational achievement. This summary highlights key changes in women's roles, employment, and aspirations from the 1970s to the present, including the effects of legislation like the Equal Pay Act and the Sex Discrimination Act. Understand how societal shifts have transformed girls' ambitions and the importance of education in achieving independence. Ideal for students studying gender socialization and feminist perspectives in education.
SociologyExplore the dynamics of gender roles within families, focusing on the division of labor, domestic responsibilities, and the impact of societal changes. This summary covers key sociological perspectives, including functionalism, feminism, and Marxist views, as well as contemporary issues like domestic violence and the evolving roles of men and women in household tasks. Ideal for students studying Families & Households in sociology.
SociologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
