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AP Psychology
Dec 6, 2025
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8 pages
The Three Box Model of Memory in Cognitionforms the foundation of how we understand and process information,... Show more
This page explores the intricacies of sensory memory and encoding processes, including important research studies and memory enhancement techniques.
Definition Encoding is the process of creating permanent mental representations of sensory information for transfer to short-term or long-term memory.
Example The Impact of Serial Position Effect on Memory Retention shows how people better remember items at the beginning and end of a list, such as grocery items.
Highlight Chunking helps increase memory capacity by grouping related information into single units.
Quote "Meaningful information is more easily encoded and accurately recalled."
The final page delves into memory retrieval mechanisms and various theories of forgetting, including Ebbinghaus's pioneering research.
Definition Retrieval is the process of recovering stored information from long-term memory into working memory.
Vocabulary The Stroop Effect demonstrates memory difficulties due to divided attention when processing conflicting information.
Example Cue-dependent forgetting occurs when you can't recall someone's name because you're not in the location where you first met them.
Highlight The forgetting curve shows that information loss is most rapid immediately after learning, then gradually slows down.
Quote "Memories are recalled most accurately when they are retrieved in the same context as they were encoded."
This page explores the mechanisms of memory retrieval and the importance of context in memory recall.
Definition Elaborative rehearsal involves memorizing information by creating meaningful connections through examples or imagery.
Highlight The encoding specificity principle states that memories are most accurately recalled when retrieved in the same context as they were encoded.
Example Remembering someone's name is easier when you're in the same location where you first met them.
This section covers the phenomenon of false memories and the biological underpinnings of memory formation.
Definition Long-term potentiation refers to the strengthening of neural pathways through repeated use, resulting in faster impulse transmission.
Vocabulary False memories occur when details from questioning are incorporated into an eyewitness's recall, leading to inaccurate memories.
Example Loftus's research showed how suggestive questioning can create false memories of events that never occurred.
This page focuses on the stages of language development and critical period hypothesis.
Definition The Critical Period Hypothesis, proposed by Eric Lenneberg in 1964, suggests there's a specific timeframe for optimal language acquisition.
Vocabulary Holophrasing refers to the one-word stage where single words are used to make requests, express emotions, and identify objects.
Example Name explosion represents the rapid increase in a child's vocabulary during early development.
This section examines problem-solving strategies and common cognitive biases.
Definition Insight refers to the sudden realization of a problem's solution without trial and error.
Example Wolfgang Kohler's 1924 study demonstrated insight learning in problem-solving situations.
Highlight Cognitive biases can lead to errors in judgment through incorrect use of mental shortcuts (heuristics).
This page details the anatomy of the ear and its role in sound processing.
Definition Transduction is the process of converting stimuli into neural impulses.
Vocabulary The tympanic membrane (eardrum) vibrates when struck by soundwaves and amplifies them.
Example The auditory canal connects the external and internal parts of the ear, channeling sound waves to the inner ear.
The first page introduces fundamental concepts of cognition and memory systems. It details the Three Box Model of Memory in Cognition and distinguishes between different memory types.
Definition Cognition refers to mental processes that cannot be directly observed, including knowledge acquisition, problem-solving, memory formation, language comprehension, and decision-making.
Vocabulary Declarative memory (explicit memory) involves conscious recall of factual information, while non-declarative memory (implicit memory) relates to unconscious skill execution.
Example Episodic memory stores personal experiences like your first day at school, while semantic memory holds factual knowledge like capital cities.
Highlight The Three Box Model illustrates how information moves through three distinct stages sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
4
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore key research on memory coding, capacity, and duration, including studies by Baddeley, Jacobs, and Miller. Understand the differences between short-term and long-term memory, and the implications of artificial stimuli in memory research. This summary covers essential concepts for psychology students.
PsychologyIn class notes
AP PsychologyUnit 5 Review
PsychologyNotes: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
PsychologyExplore key research studies that support and challenge the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory. This presentation covers case studies of HM, Clive Wearing, and patient KF, as well as experiments by Glanzer & Cunitz and Baddeley. Understand the implications of these findings on the distinctions between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM), and the overall credibility of the MSM framework.
PsychologyDive into the intricacies of the Working Memory Model (WMM), focusing on its components such as the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and central executive. This summary highlights key strengths, including case studies like Clive Wearing, and discusses the model's limitations in experimental application. Ideal for students studying cognitive psychology and memory theories.
PsychologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The Three Box Model of Memory in Cognition forms the foundation of how we understand and process information, from initial perception through to long-term storage. Memory processes involve complex interactions between different systems, including the crucial Differences between Declarative and... Show more
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Join milions of students
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This page explores the intricacies of sensory memory and encoding processes, including important research studies and memory enhancement techniques.
Definition: Encoding is the process of creating permanent mental representations of sensory information for transfer to short-term or long-term memory.
Example: The Impact of Serial Position Effect on Memory Retention shows how people better remember items at the beginning and end of a list, such as grocery items.
Highlight: Chunking helps increase memory capacity by grouping related information into single units.
Quote: "Meaningful information is more easily encoded and accurately recalled."
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The final page delves into memory retrieval mechanisms and various theories of forgetting, including Ebbinghaus's pioneering research.
Definition: Retrieval is the process of recovering stored information from long-term memory into working memory.
Vocabulary: The Stroop Effect demonstrates memory difficulties due to divided attention when processing conflicting information.
Example: Cue-dependent forgetting occurs when you can't recall someone's name because you're not in the location where you first met them.
Highlight: The forgetting curve shows that information loss is most rapid immediately after learning, then gradually slows down.
Quote: "Memories are recalled most accurately when they are retrieved in the same context as they were encoded."
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page explores the mechanisms of memory retrieval and the importance of context in memory recall.
Definition: Elaborative rehearsal involves memorizing information by creating meaningful connections through examples or imagery.
Highlight: The encoding specificity principle states that memories are most accurately recalled when retrieved in the same context as they were encoded.
Example: Remembering someone's name is easier when you're in the same location where you first met them.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section covers the phenomenon of false memories and the biological underpinnings of memory formation.
Definition: Long-term potentiation refers to the strengthening of neural pathways through repeated use, resulting in faster impulse transmission.
Vocabulary: False memories occur when details from questioning are incorporated into an eyewitness's recall, leading to inaccurate memories.
Example: Loftus's research showed how suggestive questioning can create false memories of events that never occurred.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page focuses on the stages of language development and critical period hypothesis.
Definition: The Critical Period Hypothesis, proposed by Eric Lenneberg in 1964, suggests there's a specific timeframe for optimal language acquisition.
Vocabulary: Holophrasing refers to the one-word stage where single words are used to make requests, express emotions, and identify objects.
Example: Name explosion represents the rapid increase in a child's vocabulary during early development.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section examines problem-solving strategies and common cognitive biases.
Definition: Insight refers to the sudden realization of a problem's solution without trial and error.
Example: Wolfgang Kohler's 1924 study demonstrated insight learning in problem-solving situations.
Highlight: Cognitive biases can lead to errors in judgment through incorrect use of mental shortcuts (heuristics).
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page details the anatomy of the ear and its role in sound processing.
Definition: Transduction is the process of converting stimuli into neural impulses.
Vocabulary: The tympanic membrane (eardrum) vibrates when struck by soundwaves and amplifies them.
Example: The auditory canal connects the external and internal parts of the ear, channeling sound waves to the inner ear.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The first page introduces fundamental concepts of cognition and memory systems. It details the Three Box Model of Memory in Cognition and distinguishes between different memory types.
Definition: Cognition refers to mental processes that cannot be directly observed, including knowledge acquisition, problem-solving, memory formation, language comprehension, and decision-making.
Vocabulary: Declarative memory (explicit memory) involves conscious recall of factual information, while non-declarative memory (implicit memory) relates to unconscious skill execution.
Example: Episodic memory stores personal experiences like your first day at school, while semantic memory holds factual knowledge like capital cities.
Highlight: The Three Box Model illustrates how information moves through three distinct stages: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
4
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore key research on memory coding, capacity, and duration, including studies by Baddeley, Jacobs, and Miller. Understand the differences between short-term and long-term memory, and the implications of artificial stimuli in memory research. This summary covers essential concepts for psychology students.
PsychologyIn class notes
AP PsychologyUnit 5 Review
PsychologyNotes: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
PsychologyExplore key research studies that support and challenge the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory. This presentation covers case studies of HM, Clive Wearing, and patient KF, as well as experiments by Glanzer & Cunitz and Baddeley. Understand the implications of these findings on the distinctions between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM), and the overall credibility of the MSM framework.
PsychologyDive into the intricacies of the Working Memory Model (WMM), focusing on its components such as the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and central executive. This summary highlights key strengths, including case studies like Clive Wearing, and discusses the model's limitations in experimental application. Ideal for students studying cognitive psychology and memory theories.
PsychologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Algebra
Algebra 1
Overige