- Square roots: A number's square root is a number whose square equals the original number. It can be positive or negative.
- Pythagorean Theorem: In a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse (a² + b² = c²).
- Cube roots: A number's cube root is a number whose cube equals the original number. The cube root of 216 is 6.
- Rational numbers: Rational numbers can be written as fractions or decimals. Example: 12/15 as 0.8.
- Irrational numbers: Numbers that can't be expressed as fractions. Examples include square roots of non-perfect squares, like √2 and √3.
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