Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Chemistry
Dec 1, 2025
93
6 pages
Ashley @shley_hswd
A comprehensive exploration of fundamental chemical concepts and their biological significance, focusing on matter, atomic structure, and chemical... Show more
This page delves into atomic structure and introduces the concept of isotopes. The atomic nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, determines the element's identity and isotopic variations.
Definition An isotope is an atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons, resulting in different atomic mass.
Highlight Protons determine the element, neutrons determine the isotope, and electrons determine chemical behavior.
Example Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon with different numbers of neutrons.
Vocabulary A radioisotope is an unstable isotope that undergoes spontaneous nuclear decay, emitting particles and energy.
The third page explores chemical interactions, energy concepts, and solutions. Van der Waals forces and chemical equilibrium are discussed in detail.
Definition Chemical equilibrium occurs when forward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate.
Example Spiders and geckos utilize Van der Waals forces to climb smooth surfaces.
Highlight Thermal energy transfer always occurs from warmer to cooler objects until equilibrium is reached.
Vocabulary Solutions are homogeneous mixtures where a solute is dissolved in a solvent.
The final page focuses on chemical bonding, including covalent and ionic bonds, and introduces the concept of polarity.
Definition Covalent bonds form when atoms share valence electrons, while ionic bonds result from electron transfer between atoms.
Highlight The polarity of bonds depends on the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms.
Example Double bonds involve the sharing of two pairs of electrons between atoms.
Vocabulary Cations are positively charged ions, while anions are negatively charged ions.
This section focuses on different types of chemical bonds and their formation through electron sharing or transfer.
Definition The role of valence electrons in chemical bonding is crucial for forming covalent and ionic bonds.
Vocabulary Cations are positively charged ions, while anions are negatively charged ions.
Highlight Polarity in molecules results from unequal electron sharing between atoms.
Example Double bonds involve sharing two pairs of electrons between atoms.
The page discusses energy concepts in chemical systems and introduces important rules governing atomic behavior.
Definition Energy is defined as the ability to do work or cause change.
Example Sunflowers demonstrate evolutionary adaptation by tolerating high concentrations of lead.
Highlight The octet rule governs how atoms achieve stable electron configurations.
Vocabulary Monomers are molecules that can bond together to form larger molecules.
The first page introduces fundamental concepts about matter and its composition. Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, forming the building blocks of all organisms. Elements are introduced as basic substances that cannot be broken down through chemical reactions.
Definition Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass, forming the basic component of all organisms.
Highlight CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen) comprises 96% of living matter, demonstrating the predominance of these elements in biological systems.
Example Table salt (NaCl) demonstrates how elements combine to form compounds with properties different from their constituent elements.
Vocabulary Trace elements are essential elements required by organisms in minute quantities, such as zinc, copper, chromium, iodine, and boron.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Learn about atomic theory, identifying lab equipment, how to make Bohr models, and more.
ChemistryExplore the principles of molecular geometry through Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory. This summary covers the calculation of electron pairs, the shapes of common molecules like CH4 and NH3, and the impact of bonding and non-bonding electrons on molecular structure. Ideal for chemistry students preparing for exams or seeking to understand molecular shapes in detail.
Chemistrychemistry grade 11/12. Orbitals, polarity, shapes, electronegativivty.
ChemistryExplore the fundamentals of covalent bonding, including electron sharing, dot and cross diagrams, and the properties of simple covalent structures. This summary covers key concepts such as low melting and boiling points, and the lack of electrical conductivity in covalent compounds. Ideal for chemistry students seeking to understand molecular interactions.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Ashley
@shley_hswd
A comprehensive exploration of fundamental chemical concepts and their biological significance, focusing on matter, atomic structure, and chemical bonding. This foundational guide explains the importance of trace elements in biology, the difference between isotopes and radioisotopes, and the ... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page delves into atomic structure and introduces the concept of isotopes. The atomic nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, determines the element's identity and isotopic variations.
Definition: An isotope is an atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons, resulting in different atomic mass.
Highlight: Protons determine the element, neutrons determine the isotope, and electrons determine chemical behavior.
Example: Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon with different numbers of neutrons.
Vocabulary: A radioisotope is an unstable isotope that undergoes spontaneous nuclear decay, emitting particles and energy.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The third page explores chemical interactions, energy concepts, and solutions. Van der Waals forces and chemical equilibrium are discussed in detail.
Definition: Chemical equilibrium occurs when forward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate.
Example: Spiders and geckos utilize Van der Waals forces to climb smooth surfaces.
Highlight: Thermal energy transfer always occurs from warmer to cooler objects until equilibrium is reached.
Vocabulary: Solutions are homogeneous mixtures where a solute is dissolved in a solvent.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The final page focuses on chemical bonding, including covalent and ionic bonds, and introduces the concept of polarity.
Definition: Covalent bonds form when atoms share valence electrons, while ionic bonds result from electron transfer between atoms.
Highlight: The polarity of bonds depends on the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms.
Example: Double bonds involve the sharing of two pairs of electrons between atoms.
Vocabulary: Cations are positively charged ions, while anions are negatively charged ions.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section focuses on different types of chemical bonds and their formation through electron sharing or transfer.
Definition: The role of valence electrons in chemical bonding is crucial for forming covalent and ionic bonds.
Vocabulary: Cations are positively charged ions, while anions are negatively charged ions.
Highlight: Polarity in molecules results from unequal electron sharing between atoms.
Example: Double bonds involve sharing two pairs of electrons between atoms.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The page discusses energy concepts in chemical systems and introduces important rules governing atomic behavior.
Definition: Energy is defined as the ability to do work or cause change.
Example: Sunflowers demonstrate evolutionary adaptation by tolerating high concentrations of lead.
Highlight: The octet rule governs how atoms achieve stable electron configurations.
Vocabulary: Monomers are molecules that can bond together to form larger molecules.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The first page introduces fundamental concepts about matter and its composition. Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, forming the building blocks of all organisms. Elements are introduced as basic substances that cannot be broken down through chemical reactions.
Definition: Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass, forming the basic component of all organisms.
Highlight: CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen) comprises 96% of living matter, demonstrating the predominance of these elements in biological systems.
Example: Table salt (NaCl) demonstrates how elements combine to form compounds with properties different from their constituent elements.
Vocabulary: Trace elements are essential elements required by organisms in minute quantities, such as zinc, copper, chromium, iodine, and boron.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Learn about atomic theory, identifying lab equipment, how to make Bohr models, and more.
ChemistryExplore the principles of molecular geometry through Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory. This summary covers the calculation of electron pairs, the shapes of common molecules like CH4 and NH3, and the impact of bonding and non-bonding electrons on molecular structure. Ideal for chemistry students preparing for exams or seeking to understand molecular shapes in detail.
Chemistrychemistry grade 11/12. Orbitals, polarity, shapes, electronegativivty.
ChemistryExplore the fundamentals of covalent bonding, including electron sharing, dot and cross diagrams, and the properties of simple covalent structures. This summary covers key concepts such as low melting and boiling points, and the lack of electrical conductivity in covalent compounds. Ideal for chemistry students seeking to understand molecular interactions.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Algebra
Calculus 1
Algebra 1
Overige